What is a body of water? Artificial and natural reservoirs

Reservoirs can be of either natural or artificial origin. Natural bodies of water are natural lakes and ponds.

At the facilities landscape architectures are most often arranged bodies of water, which are classified according to design characteristics and main purpose, as well as depending on their location on the terrain, in the river bed, floodplain, etc.

By design features bodies of water are divided:

On small and ultra-small reservoirs with finished lining of the bottom and sides, made in the factory (this is, as a rule, a film or a finished bathtub). Such reservoirs are essentially more related to swimming pools, since they are completely isolated from the natural environment and have artificial filling. The peculiarity of their use in conditions middle zone Russia, in the presence of clay and loamy soils with high level water in the spring, is the need for drainage of the area where such a reservoir is located. If this rule is not observed, there are far from isolated cases of such reservoirs “floating” above the surface of the earth, which immediately violates the aesthetic qualities of the territory of the object;

dam reservoirs, which are built on both permanent and temporary watercourses. The main purpose of their creation is to regulate channel flow, which, in the conditions of central Russia, prevails in the spring, the most high-water period. When regulating flow for economic purposes, this makes it possible to use water for watering vegetation in the summer. Regulation of riverbed flow makes it possible to create deep reservoirs with year-round use;

dug ponds, which are erected by constructing a pit in the ground and then filling it with water. The sizes and shapes of such reservoirs are different, depending on the views of the landscape designer on the connection between water, plant and construction objects. As a rule, the size of such reservoirs is much smaller than dam reservoirs, which is explained by the much greater labor intensity of their creation. The volumes of such reservoirs range from tens to tens of thousands of cubic meters of water with an average depth of 1...2 m. To clearly show the complexity of their creation, an indicator such as the ratio of the volume of accumulated water to the volume of excavation work performed to create a reservoir is used. This indicator K is called the efficiency coefficient of the reservoir design. In dam reservoirs it usually ranges from 20 to 100 or more, while in digging reservoirs it is almost always less than one.

combined reservoirs. The very name of these reservoirs indicates that various techniques and their design solutions were used in their creation. In Russia, this type of reservoir has been known since the 17th-18th centuries, although at present traces of the combination are not always noticeable. First, a dam reservoir was created, which always took on the so-called natural contours, in which the water's edge repeated the contours of the relief contours. This usually resulted in the reservoir being very narrow at the top, approaching the width of a river or stream bed. If this form did not suit the architect, then the outlines of the reservoir were given artificial form, pursuing certain goals.

Based on their main purpose, reservoirs are divided :

on decorative ponds, which mainly include small and ultra-small reservoirs made from ready-made forms. Such reservoirs are completely dependent on humans (the pit; its lining; plants; water supply; water exchange, usually artificial with the help of a pump, and other characteristic indicators);

ponds for landscape and decorative purposes, which are an important part of the planning structure of the facility. The water exchange coefficient (the ratio of the amount of water passing through a reservoir during the year to the volume of water in the reservoir) is usually 2...2.5. Economic use of water is not provided. When constructing such reservoirs, it is necessary to provide for aquatic vegetation;

recreational reservoirs, which differ from landscape and decorative recreational loads. The requirements for water purity are quite high. Such reservoirs must have a high water exchange coefficient - 2.5...3. Near reservoirs, household facilities are built to meet the needs of vacationers. The size of recreational reservoirs should be large enough: firstly, to improve self-regulation of biological processes; secondly, to reduce the degree of water pollution;

reservoirs for water sports, who design and build quite purposefully, in accordance with the requirements and standards for the creation of sports facilities. Depending on the purpose of the reservoir, parameters such as water area, depth in various places, maximum length of the water surface, shore lining, etc. are set. Aquatic vegetation is, as a rule, excluded. They are building around the reservoir athletic facilities ensuring the use of this reservoir for its main purpose;

reservoirs for irrigation of the territory objects that are created to accumulate and warm water used for irrigation. This is especially important if such a reservoir is filled with cold and oxygen-poor groundwater. The water in the reservoir must be clean to avoid clogging of sprinklers. A feature of such reservoirs is a significant decrease in water level during periods of intensive irrigation, during which the slopes of the reservoir, and sometimes part of the bottom, are exposed. To preserve the aesthetic appearance of such a reservoir within the framework of landscape architecture, it is advisable to decorate partially and temporarily exposed surfaces. It is recommended to exchange water in the reservoir at least 3-5 times;

multifunctional reservoirs. Over time (and sometimes immediately), the reservoir simultaneously performs several functions, i.e. becomes, to one degree or another, a multifunctional reservoir. Therefore, the requirements for such a reservoir depend on one or another predominance of its functions.

Depending on their location in the terrain, in the river bed, or floodplain, all reservoirs are divided into:

1. on bodies of water on the relief(mainly these are reservoirs - dugouts), which, in accordance with the structure of the relief, can be channel, floodplain, slope and watershed. If we consider the cross-section of the relief along the slope from the watershed to the bed of the river and stream, then we can distinguish such elements as the watershed, the slope with above-floodplain terraces, the floodplain of the river or stream, and the channel;

   reservoirs in river beds, which in turn are divided into channel dug and dam. Channel dug reservoirs are characterized by the fact that they are built directly next to the river bed (more precisely, in the bed itself), as a result of which the flow of the river or stream passes completely through the reservoir. Sometimes such a body of water attracts a landscape architect because there are no problems with the supply and discharge of water. But other problems arise with the so-called solid waste, i.e. with suspended sediments, which, with a sharp decrease in flow speed, settle in the reservoir, as a result of which the channel reservoir acts as a settling basin. The result of this is the rapid siltation of riverbed reservoirs, which occurs many times in real life.

   floodplain reservoirs, which may have different types water supply - waters of riverbed flow, underground flow and combined. A typical floodplain reservoir is located in the floodplain of a river; an oxbow lake is often used for this purpose. The oxbow lake is fed by additional water either from underground runoff or surface runoff during flood periods. The cultivated floodplain reservoir is isolated from flood waters to avoid clogging and siltation. To connect with the river flow, one or two channels (inlet and outlet) are made. Gateways can be installed on such channels. If the water level in the river is low, a dam or pumping station, providing water supply for filling the reservoir and standard water exchange during periods of least water pollution. This type of reservoir is promising and is currently being built in recreation areas: forest parks, on the territory of sports complexes, etc.;

   slope reservoirs, which are created on the slopes or terraces of river valleys. Depending on the position on the slope, reservoirs occupying the upper, middle or lower parts of the slopes can be distinguished. The position of the reservoir is determined by its purpose, as well as the available sources of water supply. From a construction point of view, the differences between them are minor. Features of construction depend mainly on the specific geology and hydrogeology of the object;

   watersheds(reservoirs - digs), which are arranged in watershed areas. The main problems that have to be solved in this case are related to the peculiarities of water supply. It is believed that there is no surface flow on the watersheds. On classical watersheds this is the case, but on local watersheds there is almost always some portion of the land surface that lies above the body of water. In this case, it is possible to directly feed the reservoir, or with the help of additional water supply and water control structures. The same applies to underground nutrition. In the presence of recharge areas located above the reservoir zone, a certain part of the underground flow can enter the watershed reservoir - kopan. If necessary, forced feeding of the reservoir is carried out from some reliable source: river, reservoir, well, etc. Reservoirs are installed in depressions or where soil has been excavated, or on elevations or embankments;

   reservoirs in the excavation- the most common type of reservoir, which prevailed in landscape architecture in the past, prevails now and will prevail in the foreseeable future. When constructing reservoirs, their relative independence from their location, the arbitrary size and shape of the water area, as well as the possibility of using various types and forms of coastline design are taken into account. The disadvantage of such reservoirs is their high cost, which is usually associated with low relative construction efficiency. The ratio of water volumes to excavation volumes is usually less than unity;

   reservoirs in embankments, which in pure form are quite rare. Much more often you can find prefabricated metal above-ground pools with forced filling with water and systematic cleaning of the latter using filters. However, there are cases when reservoirs in the embankment serve not only as a means of accumulating water, but also as a means of parallel desalination of saline groundwater, penetrating into favorable conditions into the underground layer from the salty ocean and sea ​​waters. Another case of creating a reservoir in an embankment can be water energy storage devices in the form of reservoirs of pumped storage power plants, where the difference in heights of the main and control reservoirs is tens or even hundreds of meters. This specificity of reservoirs in the embankment requires the landscape architect to additionally consult with hydraulic engineering specialists;

   ponds in half-ditch- half-embankments, which are quite widespread in the practice of hydraulic engineering and landscape construction. This technique is used mainly in the construction of slope reservoirs, when, when constructing a pit, one bank turns out to be significantly higher than the other, which lies lower on the slope. In this case, the most successful solution is to use soil to build a dam that maintains the water level in the lower (slope) part of the reservoir. With the same volume of water, such a reservoir turns out to be more economical, because part of the volume is in a supported state, which is typical for dam-type reservoirs. The efficiency coefficient of such reservoirs is often greater than one (this is much better than that of reservoirs in an excavation).

Types of water supply

The type of water supply is one of the main indicators characterizing the design and functioning of a reservoir. There are four main types of water supply: surface runoff, groundwater, forced filling of reservoirs - dugouts from a guaranteed source of water supply, and combined nutrition.

Surface runoff is the main type of water supply for all dam reservoirs. The difference lies only in the ratio of the volumes of the reservoir bowl and the volumes of runoff. If the flow volumes are significantly exceeded, it is possible to create a cascade of reservoirs located on the same watercourse.

Groundwater, as a rule, provide better sanitary condition of the reservoir due to less pollution of groundwater and its lower temperature, which inhibits the formation of duckweed and the development of other algae. Feeding with groundwater and pressure water has a particularly beneficial effect, providing greater flow and flow of the reservoir. The number of reservoirs fed purely underground is less than that fed by surface runoff. Such reservoirs, as a rule, are located in the floodplains of medium and large rivers, characterized by wide floodplains. In narrower floodplains, placement of reservoirs, organization of water supply and protection from spring and summer-autumn flooding is difficult.

Forced filling of reservoirs - diggings from a guaranteed source of water supply is carried out in the event that there are no good natural sources of water supply. Small reservoirs are filled with water from an irrigation or regular water supply. Large reservoirs are often filled with water from specially drilled wells or general purpose wells. There are also sources such as water supply by pumps from rivers, reservoirs or larger and well-supplied reservoirs.

Combined Almost every body of water is fed to some extent, since liquid and solid precipitation falls on its surface and partly surface water flows.

Reservoir... Dictionary of the use of the letter E

Reservoir, reservoirs, reservoir, reservoirs, reservoir, reservoirs, reservoir, reservoirs, reservoir, reservoirs, reservoir, reservoirs (Source: “Full accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak”) ... Forms of words

RESERVOIR, huh, husband. Place of accumulation or storage of water (lake, pool, pond, reservoir). Natural, artificial c. | adj. pond, oh, oh. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

A; m. Place of accumulation or storage of waste water or water with slow flow. Natural, artificial c. ◁ Reservoir, oh, oh. * * * reservoir permanent or temporary accumulation of drainless or slow flow water in natural or... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

RESERVOIR, reservoir, pl. (book). A reservoir of water, a pool, a source of water supply. Natural body of water (river, lake, etc.). Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

water- water... first part difficult words, is written together, but: water-water... Russian spelling dictionary

Water... The initial part of complex words, introducing the meaning of the word: water I 1. (water reservoir, water canal, water flowing, water distribution, etc.). Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Water... The first part of compound words with: 1) relating to water (in 1 meaning), for example. water-loving, water purification, water consumption, water purifier, reservoir; 2) related to water (in 3 meanings), for example. waterfowl, water depression, watershed, spillway... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Permanent or temporary accumulation of drainless or slow-flow water in natural or artificial depressions (lakes, reservoirs, ponds, etc.). In a broad sense - the designation of seas and oceans. Sometimes used to mean... ... Geographical encyclopedia

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Water devices
In a landscape garden, ponds have one of the important architectural, aesthetic, therapeutic and health significance, since together with plantings they clean the air of dust, lower its temperature on a hot summer day (by 3–5°C), and increase relative humidity ( by 20–30%), i.e., they create a unique microclimate that increases a person’s vitality. In addition, the presence of reservoirs improves the condition of the green spaces themselves. But any body of water requires ongoing care. In the reservoirs of gardening and park objects in the summer-autumn period, it is necessary to regulate the exchange of water at least 2-4 times. The depth of the reservoir in the spring-summer period should be at least 1.5 m.

Improvement of natural reservoirs
Natural bodies of water in a landscape garden include rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams, the main types of landscaping of which are securing slopes and cleaning the bottom.
There are several methods for fastening slopes, when choosing which special attention should be paid to the aesthetic perception of the technical structure.
The most technically difficult part is fastening the slopes of lakes, flowing ponds and watercourse embankments.
The stability of the slopes is ensured by the construction of a low banquet wall reaching to the middle water edge, with a continuous sheet-pile wooden or reinforced concrete row of piles, which prevents the washout of soil from the base of the slope during wave formation. Such a low fastening makes it possible not to disrupt the biological relationship between aquatic and coastal vegetation and the normal life of waterfowl inhabiting inland waters. The surface of the slope above the banquet wall is also reinforced with various materials to prevent impact atmospheric precipitation, temperature fluctuations, periodic rises of water, wind or ship waves. As a rule, in such cases, herbal clothing is used.
Within the boundaries of rising water, slopes must be reinforced with masonry, reinforced concrete slabs with holes for plant soil and sowing seeds, or continuous sod.
The slopes of canals, rivers and streams in the forest park area are secured in simple ways:
● planting willow twigs or shoots;
● single planting of cuttings or shoots in a checkerboard pattern.
In the first case, in the spring, rods 1.5–2 m long are laid horizontally in pre-prepared grooves located in parallel rows and covered with plant soil. The distance between the rows is 1–2 m. The rods are reinforced with stakes 0.8–1 m long.

Driving them 4/5 of the length into the soil of the slope. Regular watering is carried out for a month - first daily, and then every 2-3 days. In the first year (autumn), the grown plants are pruned “to the stump”.
In the second case, cuttings and shoots of willow or poplar are planted in prepared soil in a checkerboard pattern. The planting technique and subsequent care technology are common. The distance in rows and between rows is 0.8 m.
The bottom of natural reservoirs is cleaned in two ways: with pumping water from the entire reservoir and without pumping.
When cleaning using the first method using electric or diesel pumps, all the water is pumped into another reservoir or into a storm sewer, for which purpose a depression is arranged in the lowest slope of the bottom of the reservoir - a “pit” – for water intake. The surface freed from water is left to dry for several days, then the bottom silt is raked to the edges of the reservoir and moved to storage areas, where after a year of ventilation it can be used for landscaping purposes. The cleaned bottom of the reservoir is leveled according to the design marks and covered with a layer of drainage material - coarse sand or gravel - at least 20 cm thick. The banks are secured using one of the methods described above; In the territories adjacent to them, paths are laid, platforms, structures and small architectural forms are placed. If necessary, existing green spaces are supplemented with new plantings and flower beds.
In the second method (without pumping out water), the reservoir is cleaned using excavators and dredgers of different sizes. The choice of brands of mechanisms and methods of moving sludge pulp depend on the size of the reservoir and its depth.

The landscape environment and emphasize its main viewpoints or contribute to their comprehensive overview.
The profile of the shores should have pronounced relief differences: hills, stone ridges and ledges with closely approaching dark coniferous and dark-leaved plantings on the northern side of the lake and low, extensive lawn spaces with separate groups of freely growing trees and shrubs on the southeastern side. This combination of relief and vegetation makes it possible to solve the spatial illumination of the water surface. The size of the lake, the methods of its construction and feeding are determined by a special project that can be carried out by a specialized organization.

Ponds are distinguished by food sources, which determine not only their location, but also the area of ​​the water surface, depth and conditions for their further operation and maintenance. They can be flowing, with their power sources being rivers, streams, spring or groundwater, and non-flowing, when their power sources are city water pipelines or water flows from other reservoirs by gravity or forced, as well as surface water runoff.

Ponds can be single or in combination with others to form an entire water system with a depth of at least 1 m near the shore and up to 4.5 m in the middle with a slope slope from the coastline of 1:5. Such parameters of the pond prevent the rapid overgrowing of the reservoir with algae and sedge, which contributes to the development of mosquito larvae, silting of the bottom, blooming of the water surface and the appearance of an unpleasant, pungent odor of rotting vegetation.
When digging a pond bowl with excavators or bulldozers, the soil is used to vertically level the area. The bottom of the reservoir is given design slopes to ensure independent drainage of water through the drain holes. Special attention When constructing a pond bed, care is taken to prevent water from filtering through it into the ground. The water resistance of the pond bed is ensured by the presence of ribbon clays at its base. If the base consists of permeable soils (sand, sandy loam), then its waterproofing is required. The simplest and affordable way- construction of a clay base, or “castle”.
After planning the bowl bed, crumpled clay, “clay dough” or rich loam is laid on its surface in a layer of 0.3–0.5 m with layer-by-layer (0.15–0.2 m) compaction using a tamper. The clay layer should extend 0.4–0.5 m above the water's edge in order to waterproof the banks.
On top of the waterproof clay covering – the “castle” – a gravel load with a layer thickness of 4–5 cm is placed, which is tamped into the clay, turning it into a dense gravel base. Next, a layer of coarse sand up to 15 cm thick is laid over the surface. This waterproofing ensures almost complete waterproofness of the pond bed. For small ponds, it is possible to use continuous laying on a clay base instead of gravel-sand loading of cobblestones (based on the cobblestone principle). Simultaneously with the waterproofing work, a drainage device is installed.
Another way to waterproof the bed and walls of a small pond is to install a coating of roofing felt or roofing felt on bitumen along the bottom.
On a carefully planned and compacted soil base of the bed, one or two layers of roofing felt or roofing felt are laid overlapping, with one sheet overlapping the other by 8–10 cm and filling these seams with heated bitumen.

With a two-layer coating, the surface of the first layer of insulating material, after being laid on the base, is covered with heated bitumen and the second layer of insulating material is laid on it in a perpendicular direction. The seams formed between the layers are coated with bitumen. The insulation layers are placed on the coastline 0.4–0.5 m above the water's edge, their ends are carefully secured with soil and gravel poured on top. A layer of coarse sand 5 cm thick is poured onto the insulating coating made in this way and leveled.
Ponds located on rivers, streams and ravines are created using waterproof soil dams, wooden or reinforced concrete walls with a spillway device, on top of which driveways or passages are built that connect the banks. Dam slopes are from 1:1.5 to 1:3.5.

Ponds are fertile places of peace and relaxation in the midst of everyday activities and bustle. This is not only contemplation of picturesque views of the surrounding nature, tasting cool freshness and silence after the noise of the city, but also the opportunity to swim, fish or simply feed the inhabitants of the reservoir. We will try to understand further in the article what a pond is and what features it has.

Definition of the word "pond"

According to the wording of the dictionaries, a pond is a body of water in an artificial or natural depression with a small water surface area, created for a specific purpose and purpose. It is used for breeding fish and waterfowl, irrigation, recreational activities, or for some aesthetic reasons. It is worth noting that this definition of a pond also includes a dammed place in the river, usually abundant with fish.

If in the original plan the ponds were built near settlements only due to the lack of natural reservoirs, then later they were created independently of this. Today, artificial ponds are increasingly a tribute to fashion and are located on private property and summer cottages.

Distinctive features

To better understand what a pond is, it is worth getting acquainted with its characteristics, which have its own distinctive features:

• The average water surface area of ​​a pond is no more than 1 km².
• The erosion-resistant bottom bed has a gentle slope, while the banks are allowed to be relatively steep.
• If the pond does not have ground recharge, then winter period it may completely freeze, or dry out in the hot season.
• At the pond, the water level is allowed to fluctuate greatly depending on the prevailing weather (the level decreases during persistently hot weather, and the level increases after a lot of rain).
• The entire water area of ​​the pond has the same water composition, the same vegetation and fauna.

A little history

The very first artificial ponds began to be created back in ancient civilizations Middle East. As a rule, they had a simple rectangular shape and were not distinguished by their sophisticated design. Only later could any diversity be noticed in the forms. In the culture of Ancient Rome, such ponds were already noted that implied a certain division, most often for bathing and for decorative purposes.

Presumably, the first garden pond appeared in Ancient Egypt, and its purpose was practical. Such a reservoir was used for breeding waterfowl or growing plant food. During the times of intense piety among the Egyptians, the luxurious temple gardens began to be marked with special decorative ponds, such that they were valued as works of art.

Types of Ponds

An artificially created pond requires careful selection of the location and consideration of natural conditions. Based on this, there are several main types:

1. Ponds replenished with water through precipitation. They are erected in wide, sloping hollows, at which a relatively small dam is built. It allows you to accumulate a fairly large volume of water. The average depth of such ponds is 1.5 meters.
2. Ponds that exist thanks to active natural springs. Regardless of the season of the year, they constantly receive the same volume of water. Wherein average temperature water from the source does not change even in summer and does not rise above 11-12 °C.
3. Ponds supplied with water from rivers. Due to certain conditions, they are built on floodplains or riverbeds. The latter are erected by blocking the river with earthen dams in one of the narrow parts of the floodplain. The design of the structure is such that water flows into the pond independently, through a channel from the backwater.
4. Kopani. They are pits up to 1.5 m deep. They do not have a natural source and are fed melt water through rains and also through pumping unit local water supply or from another body of water. These are the kind of ponds that are most often created in public gardens and private gardens.

In addition to the standard division, ponds can have different purposes: decorative, recreational, technical or for economic purposes.

Pond or lake?

Most lakes and ponds, at first glance, are very similar and hardly differ from each other. These reservoirs can be with stagnant water or with slow water exchange, of different depths and sizes, as well as the degree of population of flora and fauna. Nevertheless, they still have differences.

The first and main thing that will distinguish any water resources is the nature of their origin: whether the object is the result of human activity or is it the result of relief-forming processes that give birth to natural bodies of water, such as seas and lakes. Ponds, which, by the way, are not always inferior in area to the latter, are of artificial origin, and their life activity is completely controlled by humans.

In addition, there are differences in the following:

• Contains water. Near lakes it can be fresh, salty and mixed; near ponds it is always fresh.
• During. Unlike a lake, a pond has no current.
• In microorganisms. Plankton and nekton live only in lakes.

It is interesting to note that it is generally accepted to call lakes bodies of water that are not connected to the sea or ocean and are closed in their shores.

Artificial reservoirs are structures that are designed to provide a solution to water problems in the regions of each state. They have a significant impact on the surrounding areas, creating complex system connections, as a result of which new natural complexes are formed. Their importance is difficult to overestimate. Since ancient times, people have been building artificial ponds to meet their economic needs, and a little later they began to decorate their estates and gardens with them, turning it into an entire art.

Classification

A reservoir of unnatural origin is a stable or temporary accumulation of water in an artificial lowland. The water in it has no movement, or there is barely noticeable movement. Depending on the topography of the territory and the purpose of the water body, its external shape, the outline of the coastline, depth and width may be different. Based on the same factors, power can be provided through surface runoff, a pumping unit, groundwater, and a combination.

Reservoirs are classified:

• by design characteristics (combined, dam reservoirs, dug, small);
• by purpose (multifunctional, household, sports, decorative, recreational);
• by location (in excavations, slopes, river beds, floodplains, watersheds and others).

In total, there are three main groups of artificial reservoirs: reservoirs (volume from 1 million cubic meters), ponds (volume no more than 1 million cubic meters) and pools, which are characterized by full regulation of the water regime and isolation from the external environment.

Reservoirs

Constant seasonal fluctuations in river water levels necessitated the construction of reservoirs. This name of an artificial reservoir speaks for itself - an object for storing water. It can be comparable in size to a large lake and is created in river valleys by constructing a dam to block the river bed.

The following features are characteristic of the reservoir:

• seasonal fluctuations in water levels, rising in autumn and spring and falling in winter and summer;
• cool water (compared to lake water) due to constant flow;
• in relation to rivers - early freezing of small reservoirs and later - of large ones, the convergence of ice in both cases is observed much later than in rivers;
• water contains a large amount of dissolved minerals;
• The composition of the reservoir, in addition to the bowl, includes a dam and a water purification station.

The water of this group of reservoirs is in low mobility, maintaining the slow movement of the river flow.

Ponds

The creation of ponds is quite widespread: in city parks, on private property, in gardens or cottages. Their first analogues were noted in the ancient states of the Middle East, when the construction of these objects was of purely practical importance.

Ponds are artificial reservoirs with a small water surface area (up to 1 square kilometer), created for decorative, technical or economic purposes. They are erected on natural channels, sloping hollows or by excavating depressions on the surface of the earth. They are divided by type of nutrition: natural (groundwater, precipitation) and artificial (pipeline, wells). Depending on their purpose, ponds can have different depths and lengths of coastline.

Artificial swimming pond

Swimming pools are the simplest and most common group of water objects built for swimming, as well as sports, therapeutic and educational events. In addition, swimming pools of a decorative nature are also defined. Their appearance can be of very different shapes - depending on the allocated territory and the adopted architectural solution. The bottom, sides and walls of such reservoirs are made of concrete and brick and covered with facing material (ceramics, glazed tiles).

The pools are completely isolated from the external environment, so water circulation will be ensured installed system pumps and filters. The areas around the bowl of the object are mainly decorated with tiles, gravel or sown with certain grass.

Design

The design of an artificial reservoir will directly depend on its type and type. Based on this, it will either have strict simple forms (reservoirs) or more free outlines (ponds). In addition to the main groups of artificial water objects, there are others where the creative thoughts of the designer truly have no restrictions.

Waterfall - water falling from a height is one of the original elements landscape design. Such a pond is an excellent solution for placement on an area with uneven terrain.

A fountain is a simple or complex structure where water shoots upward or sideways from a fixed source.

Cascade is a group of small reservoirs located on different levels. The peculiarity of their design is that in a closed system, water from the reservoir top level flows down.

Mini-pond - water in a small container decorated with living plants, river pebbles and other decorative elements.

A stream is a body of water decorated to look like a natural element. It is local and fits freely into any area of ​​the territory.

A swamp is a reservoir that will look good and natural in any part of the garden and park next to a rock garden or alpine slide.

1. In the Russian state, under the reign of Peter the Great, the construction of artificial reservoirs on estates and estates was highly welcomed and was good manners. For this purpose, wealthy aristocrats invited the best masters of their craft, Italian and French designers, from abroad.
2. The largest artificial swimming pool is the pool of the resort of San Alfonso del Mar on the southern coast of Chile (the city of Algarrobo). Its length is more than a kilometer and its area is 8 hectares.
3. The first mentions of the experience of constructing an artificial reservoir are contained in manuscripts Ancient East.
4. Abraham Pond, formed after the construction of a dam on the North Saskatchewan River, attracts crowds of travelers. Its magic manifests itself in winter: methane bubbles, rising to the surface, freeze and form amazingly picturesque pictures.
5. The first reservoirs in Russia were built in 1701-1709 during the construction of the Vyshnevolotsk water system.