Social psychology of deviant behavior textbook. Mendelevich V.D.

MODERN TEXTBOOK

V. D. MENDELEVIY

psychology

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

tutorial for universities

as a teaching aid

St. Petersburg 2005

Approved by the Educational and Methodological Association of Russian Universities for Education in the Field social work Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

as a teaching aid

Reviewer:

Doctor of Medicine, Prof. Yu. S. Shevchenko

Mendeleviya V.D.

M50. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2005. - 445 p.

ISBN 5-9268-0387-Х

The textbook presents the main sections of the psychology of deviant behavior, covering a description of normative, harmonious, ideal behavior, as well as structure, types and clinical forms deviant behavior. The criteria for five deviant behavioral types (delinquent, addictive, pathocharacterological, psychopathological and based on hyperabilities) are given in the form of aggressive, auto-aggressive behavior, eating disorders, sexual deviations and perversions, alcohol and drug addictions, overvalued psychological and psychopathological hobbies, communicative deviations, etc. Separate chapters are devoted to ethnocultural, gender, age and professional deviations of behavior, as well as deviant behavior of chronically ill people. A description of the basics of complex therapy and correction of behavioral deviations is provided. Each section ends with tests for programmed knowledge control and a list of recommended self-study literature.

The textbook is the first university textbook on the psychology of deviant behavior published in the country and corresponds to the course in this discipline and in sections clinical psychology. It can be used by students studying social, psychological and medical sciences, as well as psychiatrists, psychotherapists, clinical (medical) and practical psychologists, teachers, social workers for independent mastery of this course.

PREFACE

The proposed textbook “Psychology of Deviant Behavior” is the fruit of much thought and research by the author. It reflects the views and approaches that appeared in domestic psychological science in last years, when psychological practice made demands for the creation of a substantiated platform for understanding the mechanisms of the formation of behavioral deviations and the creation effective methods their correction and therapy. The ambiguity of the situation that has existed for many years in the field of assessing deviant human behavior, in determining its boundaries, manifestations, in classifying it as a pathology or a conditional norm has led to the fact that scientists began to bypass this side of the individual’s mental life and the corresponding scientific and practical field of psychology. Psychiatrists, who before the emergence of the psychology of deviant behavior were engaged in the study of exclusively pathological mental activity, initially considered this area of ​​​​knowledge to be of little significance in comparison with the doctrine of psychoses that filled psychiatric science and practice. Indeed, what is gambling compared to schizophrenia? The consequence of gambling can only be the loss of money, and the consequence of schizophrenia can be the loss of personality and health.

As the spheres of influence of psychiatry naturally narrowed due to the formation of clinical psychology and the transfer to its jurisdiction of a significant part of the so-called “minor psychiatry,” “big psychiatry” began expansion into related scientific fields. Deviant forms of behavior, which were previously regarded by her as insignificant and of little significance, began to be considered as important in terms of predisposition to severe mental illnesses and were called pre-nosological (pre-morbid) forms mental disorders. Note, not phenomena, but disorders. Modern world psychiatry has revealed itself in a new international classification. From the previous classification of mental illnesses (that is, nosological forms), it has today evolved into a classification of mental and behavioral disorders (that is, symptoms). On the one hand, such a metamorphosis can be welcomed, since psychiatry has finally begun to move from orthodox to phenomenological positions; on the other hand, the inclusion in the scope of psychiatry of behavioral disorders, which automatically became symptoms (after all, medicine deals with pathology and is not fully prepared to study health), should be considered at least controversial. Today, based on the new

PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

classification, a psychiatrist has the ability to make diagnoses such as: nose picking and finger sucking (code F98.8), excited speech (code F98.6) and nail biting. But the diagnostician is not provided with medical criteria to distinguish between, for example, nose-picking behavior disorder and nose-picking habit. Of particular note is the fact that the psychiatrist is not prescribed, as before, to use scientific terms. A simple statement of fact, expressed in the form of ordinary expressions, is sufficient. But it is known that the medical approach to the terminological equipment of a specialist should be distinguished by rigidity, accuracy and clarity. About 80% of all terms used in medicine are of Latin or Greek origin, which is recognized as the only correct one and should contribute to the separation of science from parascience or other sciences.

Thus, it can be argued that a purely psychiatric paradigm

V the assessment of deviant behavior (not always related to symptoms and disorders) cannot be objective, and this path of development of the psychology of deviant behavior should be considered a dead end.

Attempts by orthodox psychology, as opposed to psychiatry, to study behavioral deviations and organize assistance to people with such deviations should also be considered unsuccessful. The reason for the failures lies in the desire to a priori separate psychology and psychopathology of deviant behavior, to pre-separate mental and behavioral disorders, on the one hand, and deviations, on the other. As a result, it was proposed to attribute to psychiatry the sphere of psychopathology of deviant behavior, and to psychology - to the conventional norm. But the problem is precisely

V diagnostics and only then in ways of providing assistance. It is impossible to decide solely on the basis of external clinical signs of behavioral deviation whether the deviant is mentally ill or not. It is impossible to compile a register of uniquely psychopathologically or completely psychologically caused deviations. Attempts to separate the psychology and psychopathology of deviant behavior before a specific case has been analyzed and the motives for a person’s choice of such a style of behavior have been determined are nonsense. Moreover, orthodox psychology does not have a tool for scientifically based diagnosis and correction of observed behavioral characteristics. She suggests that the diagnostic paradigm should be as follows: first, psychiatrists must reject “their pathology,” and then psychologists analyze the case and provide psychological assistance.

The daily clinical practice of the author - a psychiatrist, psychotherapist, sexologist, narcologist and clinical psychologist in one person, the impossibility of predicting in advance (before meeting the sufferer) who will have to communicate with the patient or client and what kind of assistance to provide (psychopharmacological, psychotherapeutic, actually psychological), forced take a fresh look at the problem of deviant behavior. The essence of this new view is expressed in the conviction that the orthodoxy and conservatism of the mental sciences, the artificial breeding of specialties (psych-

PREFACE

chiatry and psychology) leads to a narrowing of the field of scientific vision of the problem and a decrease in the effectiveness of helping people with behavior that is inadequate and uncomfortable for them and their environment.

People with deviant behavior may have mental disorders and be mentally ill, or they may be mentally healthy. This is the reality. In the first case, their behavioral deviation has a direct connection with mental pathology, “follows” from it and requires mainly psychopharmacological treatment. In the second, it is based on an intrapersonal or interpersonal conflict, reflects some kind of personal “deformation” and implies the need for correction using methods psychological impact. The problem of studying the mechanisms of behavioral deviations becomes significant after such behavior is unambiguously classified as deviant, its identifying clinical signs are determined and the individual psychological characteristics of the deviant are studied.

It often happens that a deviant needs psychotherapy, psychocorrection, and psychological counseling, and with psychopharmacological support. Therefore, we consider the phenomenological approach to the study of the psychology of a person with deviant behavior to be the only correct and scientifically sound one. All other approaches allow us to consider and analyze only part of the problem, and not the problem as a whole.

The second feature of our approach is the belief that deviant behavior is not an attribute exclusively of adolescence (as previously thought). Even torts can be committed not only by young people, but by adults and the elderly. It is not the age of the deviant that is important, but the essence of the deviation. The mechanisms of the emergence and development of deviant behavior are significant. The latter have both age-wide patterns and specific features.

We do not claim to be final in the development of the theory and practice of the psychology of deviant behavior. The position presented by the author can be considered as one of the options for a systemic analysis of this problem and as an attempt to distinguish the psychology of deviant behavior from a number of related disciplines. Alternative points of view could contribute to finding the truth in a scientific dispute and the true formation of a new scientific discipline.

This work could not have taken place without the help of colleagues at work - employees of the Department of Medical and general psychology with a course in pedagogy at Kazan State medical university, which I have the honor to lead, and also without the traditions of the Kazan Psychiatric School, at the origins of which stood V. M. Bekhterev.

BEHAVIORAL NORM, PATHOLOGY, DEVIATION

The current situation in the field of sciences studying human behavior can be described as confrontation rather than cooperation. Behavioral phenomena are, as a rule, subject to biased analysis by corporate scientific communities, which does not lead to obtaining true knowledge about a subject that is undoubtedly multidisciplinary in nature.

Psychology of deviant behavior is an interdisciplinary field of scientific knowledge that studies the mechanisms of occurrence, formation, dynamics and outcomes of behavior deviating from various norms, as well as methods and methods of their correction and therapy. This discipline is at the intersection of clinical psychology and psychiatry, and its mastery requires knowledge and skills from these scientific fields.

The psychology of deviant behavior in this context is a typical example of a scientific field in which the knowledge acquired by scientists of various specialties has not yet led to the formation of a separate scientific discipline. The reason for this is the clash of orthodox psychological and orthodox psychiatric views on behavior deviating from normative behavior. The questions about whether behavioral deviations should be classified as pathologies (that is, signs of mental disorders and diseases, designated as symptoms, syndromes), or whether they should be recognized as extreme variants of the norm, remain by no means rhetorical; Are behavioral deviations stages of psychopathological disorders (that is, prenosological mental disorders), or is there an abyss between behavioral pathological disorders and deviant forms of behavior; what are the causes (psychogenesis) of deviant forms of behavior: violations brain activity, adaptive behavior skills or social expectations; what measures are necessary to restore adequate behavior (if this is possible in principle): psychopharmacological therapy or psychological correction.

To analyze the mechanisms of behavioral deviations, knowledge accumulated in such areas as clinical psychology,

Emotions

08.07.2017

Snezhana Ivanova

The psychology of deviant behavior is such that the individual is often unaware that he is acting in a destructive manner.

Deviant behavior is a special form of deviant behavior in which a person loses the concept moral values, social norms and is completely focused on meeting his needs.

Deviant behavior implies obligatory personality degradation, because it is simply impossible to progress by causing pain to others. A person changes literally before our eyes: he loses his sense of reality, basic shame and all responsibility.

The psychology of deviant behavior is such that the individual is often unaware that he is acting in a destructive manner. She does not want to delve into the needs of others, she does not care about the feelings of loved ones. Deviant behavior deprives a person of the ability to think and reason sensibly.

Concept of deviant behavior discrepancy with public understanding of how one should behave in a given situation. But gradually the concept of deviant behavior became closer to understanding offenses and deliberate harm to others. This idea was supplemented and developed in his works by Emile Durkheim’s follower, Robert King Merton. The scientist insisted that deviant behavior in all cases is dictated by a reluctance to develop, work on oneself and benefit those around him.

The concept of deviant behavior is one of those that affects the sphere of human relationships.

Reasons for deviant behavior

The reasons why a person chooses deviant behavior are very diverse. These reasons sometimes subjugate a person to such an extent that she loses her will, the ability to think sensibly, and make decisions independently. Deviant behavior is always characterized by excessive sensitivity, vulnerability, increased aggressiveness and intransigence. Such a person demands that his desires be satisfied immediately and no matter what the cost. Any type of deviant behavior is extremely destructive; it makes a person extremely susceptible and unhappy. The personality gradually begins to degrade, losing social skills, losing habitual values ​​and even his own positive character traits. So, what are the reasons for the formation of deviant behavior?

Dangerous environment

The reason why deviant behavior is formed always indicates what needs to be changed in life. The peculiarities of deviant behavior are such that it does not appear suddenly, not immediately, but gradually. A person, harboring aggression within himself, becomes less and less controllable and harmonious. It is very important to change the environment if there are attempts to change deviant behavior to constructive behavior.

Alcohol and drug use

Another reason for deviant behavior is the presence of excessively negative destructive factors in a person’s life. Deviant behavior, of course, does not arise on its own, without apparent reasons. One cannot but agree that toxic substances have a negative effect on our consciousness. A person who takes drugs inevitably begins to degrade sooner or later. The drug addict cannot control himself, loses the ability to see the good in people, loses self-respect, and has attacks of aggression directed at others. Even a person without special education can diagnose such deviant behavior. A degrading personality makes a strong repulsive impression. People around them, as a rule, try to avoid meeting with such subjects, fearing adverse consequences and simply worrying about their lives. Sometimes it is enough to look at a person to establish the reason for his inappropriate behavior. Deviant behavior cannot be hidden from prying eyes. Relatives and loved ones of someone who exhibits deviant behavior, as a rule, begin to feel embarrassed and ashamed of what is happening, although they themselves suffer greatly from the actions of the deviant.

The sufferer alcohol addiction There are also manifestations of aggression and uncontrollable anger. Most often, this person is disappointed first in himself, and then in the people around him. To diagnose deviant behavior, sometimes it is enough to look at the person himself and determine his essence. The reason why people break themselves and start taking various toxic substances is simple: they cannot realize their potential in the world. Deviant behavior of an individual always implies the presence of sharp negative manifestations that harm the life and well-being of people around them.

Constant criticism

There is another reason for the formation of deviant behavior. If in childhood a child is constantly scolded for something, then manifestations of self-disappointment will not take long to appear. This is where self-doubt comes from, increased sensitivity to criticism, emotional and mental instability. Constant criticism can ultimately lead to any forms and types of deviant behavior. All types of deviant behavior, regardless of the form of expression, nullify any efforts to become better and establish themselves in any area of ​​life: personal life, profession, creativity. Just a man in certain moment stops believing in himself and his capabilities. He does not understand the reasons for his condition, but seeks confirmation of negative manifestations outside. Diagnosis of deviant behavior is a rather complex and labor-intensive process that must be carried out by specialists. You need to be extremely careful with children and teenagers so as not to break their dreams, not to destroy their faith in themselves and their own prospects. The reasons for deviant behavior can be completely different. It is better to prevent the development of such a deviation than to try to correct the consequences later.

Classification of deviant behavior

The classification of deviant behavior includes several important concepts. They are all interconnected and mutually determine each other. Those who are close to such a person are the first to sound the alarm. Even a child can diagnose a degenerating personality. In other words, deviant forms of behavior are not difficult to recognize. The manifestation of deviant behavior is usually noticeable to others. Let's consider the most common forms and types of deviant behavior.

Addictive behavior

Addiction is the very first type of deviant behavior. Addictions in humans develop gradually. By forming some kind of addiction, he tries to compensate for the lack of something very significant and valuable in his life. What kind of addictions can there be and why are they so destructive to the individual? This is, first of all, chemical dependence. The use of drugs and alcohol leads to the formation of a stable addiction. After some time, a person can no longer imagine a comfortable existence without an addiction. Thus, heavy smokers say that smoking a cigarette at the right time helps them relax. People addicted to alcohol often justify themselves by saying that a glass of alcohol allows them to discover new possibilities in themselves. Of course, such prospects are imaginary. In fact, the person gradually loses control over himself and his emotional state.

There is also psychological addiction. It manifests itself depending on the opinions of others, as well as a painful focus on another person. Unrequited loves take place here, which take away a lot of vitality. Such a person also destroys himself: endless experiences do not add health and strength. Often the desire to live, set goals and strive to achieve them disappears. Diagnosis of deviant behavior implies timely identification of pathological signs and prevention of their development. The manifestation of deviant behavior always, in all cases without exception, needs correction. Any addiction is a type of deviant behavior that will sooner or later lead a person to complete destruction.

Delinquent behavior

Criminal or illegal behavior is another type of deviant behavior that can be considered dangerous not only for the individual himself, but also for society as a whole. A delinquent is someone who commits criminal acts - a person who has completely lost any moral standards. For him, there are only his own needs of a lower order, which he strives to satisfy in any way. You can diagnose such a personality at first glance. Most people are seized with natural fear as soon as there is a suspicion that a criminal is near them. Some types of citizens tend to immediately contact law enforcement agencies.

The delinquent will not stop at any obstacles. He is only interested in obtaining his own immediate benefit, and in order to achieve such a goal, he is sometimes ready to take unjustified risks. The main signs that you have a criminal in front of you are the following. The criminal rarely looks directly in the eye and tells lies in order to get out of a difficult situation himself. It will not be difficult for such a person to set up even a close relative. The diagnosis of offenders is usually carried out by the relevant authorities.

Antimoral behavior

Antimoral behavior is a special type of deviant behavior, which is expressed in provocative or ugly behavior in public. In addition, in each individual society, different actions and actions will be considered antimoral. Common moral violations include: prostitution, publicly insulting other people, and obscene language. Individuals who lack any ideas about how to behave in a given situation are prone to anti-moral behavior. They often come into conflict with the law and have problems with the police. Diagnosing such behavior is quite simple: it catches your eye immediately, at the first manifestation.

Suicide

This type of deviant behavior is classified as a mental disorder. Suicide attempts are made by those individuals who do not see further prospects and opportunities to continue their existence. Everything seems meaningless and devoid of any joy to them. If a person is just thinking about suicide, it means that things in his life can still be improved. He just came to a dangerous point. It is necessary that someone be with him at the right moment and warn him against this rash step. Suicide has never helped anyone solve pressing problems. By parting with life, a person punishes, first of all, himself. Even close relatives are someday comforted and with all the strength of their souls continue to live. Diagnosing suicidal tendencies is quite difficult because such people learn to be secretive and become significantly successful at this activity. At the same time, potential suicides are in dire need of timely assistance. Unfortunately, not everyone gets it.

Signs of deviant behavior

Psychologists determine the tendency to deviant behavior based on a number of significant characteristics. These signs directly or indirectly indicate that the person is in an inadequate state, which means he may be involved in committing crimes or be involved in addiction. What are the signs of deviant behavior? By what parameters can you understand that there is a deviant in front of you? There are several forms of expressing negativity. They can be diagnosed simply by observing people and drawing appropriate conclusions.

Aggressiveness

Any person who does something illegal will show his most worst qualities character. The problem is that even the good personality traits of a deviant are lost over time, as if they go into emptiness and dissolve into thin air. Deviant behavior is characterized by increased aggressiveness, intransigence and assertiveness. A criminal or any other violator will try to defend his position in everything and do it quite harshly. Such a person will not take into account the needs of other people, recognize alternatives; for her, only her own individual truth exists. Aggressiveness pushes other people away and allows the deviant for a long time remain unnoticed by society. With the help of demonstrated aggressiveness, a person pursues his goals and avoids effective interaction with other people.

Aggression is always a sign of the presence of fear. Only a self-confident person can allow himself to be calm and balanced. Anyone whose daily activities involve risk will always be nervous. Every minute he has to be on guard so as not to inadvertently give himself away, and sometimes not even detect his presence.

Uncontrollability

The deviant strives to control everything, but in reality he himself becomes uncontrollable and nervous. From constant stress, he loses the ability to reason logically, sensibly, and make responsible decisions. Sometimes he begins to get confused in his own reasoning and make significant mistakes. Such mistakes gradually undermine strength and contribute to the formation of terrible self-doubt. Uncontrollability can ultimately serve him badly, making a person aggressive and withdrawn at the same time. And since everything social connections By that time, they find themselves torn apart, and there is no one to ask for help.

No one can convince a deviant that he is wrong. Through his own uncontrollability, he discovers the need to constantly be in a state of danger. By defending oneself, a person actually loses more and more control over the situation, since he wastes precious energy in vain. As a result, an emotional break with one’s own personality occurs, and the person ceases to understand where he should move next.

Sudden change of mood

The deviant experiences impetuous mood swings in the course of his life. If someone does not act according to the established pattern, then the offender begins to take an aggressive approach. The most interesting thing is that he cannot control his emotions. One moment he is cheerful, and the next minute he is already screaming with indignation. A sharp change in mood is dictated by tension in the nervous system, emotional fatigue, and depletion of all important internal resources.

Deviant behavior is always aimed at destruction, even if at the very beginning of illegal actions it seems to a person that he has found an easy and carefree way to live. The deception is revealed very soon, bringing with it deafening disappointment. Deliberate cheerfulness is just an illusion, carefully hidden for the time being even from the deviant himself. Sudden changes in mood always have a negative impact on further development events: a person becomes uncontrollable, deprived of peace, self-confidence and tomorrow. It is not difficult to diagnose a sudden change in mood; even the person himself is able to notice it.

Stealth

Any intruder always has to make significant efforts to remain undetected for as long as possible. As a result, the deviant develops secrecy aimed at deliberately concealing necessary and necessary information. Secrecy breeds suspicion and reluctance to share your thoughts and feelings with anyone. This emotional vacuum contributes to the development of serious emotional exhaustion. When a person cannot trust anyone in this life, he loses everything: he has virtually no reason to live, the most necessary meaning is lost. Human nature is designed in such a way that you need to constantly have certain ideals in your head for a comfortable existence. The formed worldview leads us forward to new achievements. In the absence of visible prospects, a person immediately begins to destroy himself and degrade.

Secrecy breeds a tendency to deceive. A deviant cannot tell the truth because he lives by different laws than the society around him. Over time, deception becomes the norm and ceases to be noticed at all.

Thus, deviant behavior is a serious problem that exists in modern society. This phenomenon definitely needs to be corrected as soon as possible, but correcting it seems to be very difficult, almost impossible.

In recent years, due to the social crisis of our society, interest in the problem of deviant behavior has objectively increased, which necessitates a more thorough study of the causes, forms, dynamics deviant behavior, methods of correction, prevention and rehabilitation. All this also stimulated the development of the theory of psychology of deviant behavior and the need to familiarize a wider range of specialists with its basics: psychologists, teachers, lawyers, managers, doctors, social workers, etc.

Psychology of deviant behavior is an interdisciplinary field of scientific knowledge that studies the mechanisms of occurrence, formation, dynamics and outcomes of deviating from various norms, as well as methods and methods of their correction and therapy.

Deviant behavior, according to the American psychologist A. Cohen, is “... behavior that goes against institutionalized expectations, i.e. with expectations shared and recognized as legitimate within the social system.”

Deviant behavior is always associated with some kind of inconsistency human actions, actions, norms widespread in society, rules of behavior, ideas, expectations, values.

As is known, the system of norms depends on the level of socio-economic, political, spiritual development of society, as well as on production and public relations. and rules perform various functions: orientation, regulation, authorization, educational, information, etc. In accordance with the norms, individuals construct and evaluate their activities, direct and regulate their behavior. It is in the regulation of consciousness and behavior that the essence of social norms lies. Regulation occurs in accordance with the dominant system of values, needs, interests, and ideology. Thus, social norms turn out to be a tool for goal setting, forecasting, social control and correction of deviant behavior in the social environment, as well as stimulation and.

Social norms are effective if they become a component of individual consciousness. It is then that they act as factors and regulators of behavior and self-control.

The properties of social norms are:
- objectivity of reflection of reality;
- unambiguity (consistency);
- historicity (continuity);
- obligatory reproduction;
- relative stability (stability);
- dynamism (variability);
- optimality;
- organizing, regulatory ability;
- correctional and educational ability, etc.

However, not all deviations from the “norm” can be destructive; there are also non-destructive options; in any case, the increase in deviant behavior indicates social ill-being in society and can be expressed both in negative forms and reflect the emergence of new social thinking and new behavioral stereotypes.

Since deviant behavior is recognized as behavior that does not correspond to social norms and expectations, and norms and expectations differ not only in different societies and in different time, but also among different groups in the same society at the same time (legal norms and the “thieves’ law”, norms of adults and youth, rules of behavior of “bohemians”, etc.), to the extent that the concept “ generally accepted norm"is very relative, and, therefore, deviant behavior is also relative. Based on the most general concepts, deviant behavior is defined as:
- action, person,
- a social phenomenon.

Normative harmonious behavior presupposes: balance mental processes(at the level of properties), adaptability and self-actualization (at the level of characterological characteristics), spirituality, responsibility, conscientiousness (at the personal level). Just as the norm of behavior is based on these three components of individuality, so anomalies and deviations are based on their changes, deviations and violations. Thus, a person can be defined as a system of actions (or individual actions) that contradict accepted norms in society and manifest themselves in the form of imbalance, a violation of the process of self-actualization, or in the form of evasion of moral and aesthetic control over one’s own behavior.

The problem of deviance first began to be considered in sociological and criminological works, of which special attention the works of such authors as: M. Weber, R. Merton, R. Mills, T. Parsons, E. Fomm and others deserve merit; Among domestic scientists, one should name B.S. Bratusya, L.I. Bozhovich, L.S. , ME AND. Gilinsky, I.S. Kona, Yu.A. Kleiberg, M.G. Broshevsky and other scientists.

At the origins of the study of deviant behavior was E. Durkheim, who introduced the concept of “anomie” (work “”, 1912) - this is a state of destruction or weakening of the normative system of society, i.e. social disorganization.

The interpretation of the causes of deviant behavior is closely related to the understanding of the very nature of this socio-psychological phenomenon. There are several approaches to the problem of deviant behavior.

1. Biological approach.
C. Lombroso (Italian psychiatrist) substantiated the connection between the anatomical structure of a person and criminal behavior. W. Sheldon substantiated the connection between the types of human physical structure and forms of behavior. W. Pierce as a result (60s) came to the conclusion that the presence of an extra Y chromosome in men causes a predisposition to criminal violence.

2. Sociological approach.
J. Quetelet, E. Durkheim, D. Dewey and others identified the connection between deviant behavior and the social conditions of people’s existence.
1) Interactionist direction (I. Hoffman, G. Becker). The main point here is the thesis according to which deviance is a consequence of social assessment (the theory of “stigma”).
2) Structural analysis. Thus, S. Selin, O. Turk see the causes of deviation in between the norms of the subculture and the dominant culture on the basis of the fact that individuals simultaneously belong to different ethnic, cultural, social and other groups with divergent or contradictory values.

Other researchers believe that main reason All social deviations are caused by social inequality.

3. Psychological approach
As a criterion of norm mental development the subject’s ability to adapt is represented (M. Gerber, 1974). Self-doubt and low
are considered as sources of adaptation disorders and developmental anomalies.

The main source of deviations is usually considered to be a constant conflict between the unconscious, which forms the “It” structure in its suppressed and repressed form, and social restrictions on the child’s natural activity. Normal personality development presupposes the presence of optimal defense mechanisms that balance the spheres of the conscious and unconscious. In the case of neurotic defense, the formation takes on an abnormal character (). , D. Bowlby, G. Sullivan see the causes of deviations in the lack of emotional contact, warm treatment of the mother with the child in the first years of life. E. Erikson also notes the negative role of the lack of a sense of security and trust in the first years of life in the etiology of relationships. sees the roots of deviations in the individual’s inability to establish adequate contact with environment. A. Adler identifies family structure as an important factor in the formation of personality. The different position of the child in this structure and the corresponding type of upbringing have a significant and often decisive influence on the occurrence of deviant behavior. For example, overprotection, according to A. Adler, leads to suspiciousness, infantility, and an inferiority complex.

The behavioral approach to understanding deviant behavior is very popular in the USA and Canada. The emphasis here shifts to inadequate social learning (E. Mash, E. Terdal, 1981).

The ecological approach interprets behavioral deviations as the result of unfavorable interactions between the child and the social environment. Representatives of the psychodidactic approach emphasize the role of a child’s educational failures in the development of deviations (D. Halagan, J. Kaufman, 1978).

The humanistic approach considers deviations in behavior as a consequence of the child’s loss of agreement with his own feelings and the inability to find meaning and self-realization in the current conditions of upbringing.

The empirical approach consists of a phenomenological classification, where each behaviorally distinguishable stable symptom complex receives its own name (, etc.). This approach is an attempt to bring psychiatry and psychology closer together. D. Halagan and J. Kaufman identified four types of syndromes (anomalies):
1) behavioral disorder;
2) personality disorder;
3) immaturity;
4) antisocial tendencies.

Thus, there are interrelated factors that determine the genesis deviant behavior:
1) an individual factor operating at the level of psychobiological prerequisites for deviant behavior, which complicate the social and psychological of the individual;
2) pedagogical factor, manifested in defects in school and family education;
3) a psychological factor that reveals the unfavorable characteristics of an individual with his immediate environment in, on the street, in a team and manifests itself primarily in the individual’s active and selective attitude towards his preferred environment, towards the norms and values ​​of his environment, self-regulation of his environment;
4) social factor, which is determined by the social, economic, political and other conditions of society.

The subject of studying the psychology of deviant behavior is the causes of deviant behavior, situational reactions, as well as personality development, leading to maladjustment of a person in society, impaired self-actualization, etc.

The textbook presents the main sections of the psychology of deviant behavior, covering a description of normative, harmonious, ideal behavior, as well as the structure, types and clinical forms of deviant behavior in children, adolescents and adults. The criteria for five deviant behavioral types (delinquent, addictive, pathocharacterological, psychopathological and based on hyperabilities) are given in the form of aggressive, auto-aggressive, suicidal behavior, eating disorders, sexual deviations and perversions, alcohol and drug addictions, overvalued psychological and psychopathological hobbies, communicative deviations, etc. Separate chapters are devoted to cultural, gender, age and professional deviations, as well as deviant behavior of chronically ill people. Descriptions of the basics of complex therapy and correction of behavioral deviations are provided.
The textbook corresponds to the training course “psychology of deviant behavior”. It can be used by students studying psychological and medical sciences, as well as psychiatrists, psychotherapists, medical (clinical) psychologists, and social workers to independently master this course.
Preface........................................................ ............................... 5
Chapter 1. Behavioral norm, pathology, deviations.................................. 9
Approaches to assessing behavioral norms, pathology and deviations..... 15
Ideal norm, creativity and deviations of behavior.................... 18
Phenomenological diagnostics of behavioral stereotypes... 23
Programmed knowledge control.................................................. 32
Recommended reading................................................... .... 36
Chapter 2. Psychology of harmonious and normative behavior 37
Temperamental balance................................................... 43
Classification by A. Thomas and S. Chess.................................................... ...... 50
Harmony of character................................................... .............. 51
Personal harmony................................................... ................... 69
Programmed knowledge control................................... 82
Recommended reading................................................... .... 86
Chapter 3. Types, forms and structure of deviant behavior....... 88
Structure of deviant behavior.................................................... 88
Interaction of an individual with reality.................................................... 94
Delinquent type of deviant behavior.................................. 96
Addictive type of deviant behavior.................................... 98
Pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior... 103
Psychopathological type of deviant behavior.................................. 105
Type of deviant behavior based on hyperabilities.................................................... ........................... 106
Aggressive behavior................................................ .................... 109
Auto-aggressive behavior................................................................. .......... 114
Abuse of substances that cause conditions
altered mental activity.................................................. 121
Eating disorders................................................................... ... 129
Sexual deviations and perversions.................................................... 136
Super valuable psychological hobbies.................................................... 148
Extremely valuable psychopathological hobbies.................................... 160
Characterological and pathocharacterological reactions
and personality disorders......................................................... ......... 163
Communication deviations................................................... ......... 168
Immoral and immoral behavior.................................... 186
Unaesthetic behavior, or deviations in behavioral style.................................. 186
Programmed knowledge control............................................. 190
Recommended reading................................................... .... 197
Chapter 4. Ethnocultural variants of deviant behavior... 199
Programmed knowledge control................................... 218
Recommended reading................................................... .... 220
Chapter 5. Gender variants of deviant behavior.................... 221
11programmed knowledge control.................................... 248
Recommended reading................................................... .... 250
Chapter 6. Age-related variations of deviant behavior................................. 251
Programmed knowledge control.................................................. 272
Recommended reading................................................... .... 275
Chapter 7. Professional options for deviant behavior... 276
Programmed knowledge control.................................................. 287
Recommended reading................................................... .... 290
Chapter 8. Deviant behavior in chronically ill patients.................. 291
Programmed knowledge control............................................. 318
Recommended reading................................................... .... 322
Chapter 9. Psychological and psychopharmacological
correction and therapy of deviant behavior................................. 323
Ways and methods of psychological counseling,
psychocorrection, psychotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy...... 326
Psychological counseling.................................................... 330
Psychological correction................................................... ....... 341
Psychotherapy................................................. ............................... 346
Psychopharmacotherapy......................................................... ............... 349
Methods and methods of psychological and psychopharmacological correction and therapy of behavioral deviations..................................... 350
Programmed knowledge control............................................. 378
Recommended reading................................................... .... 385