Step by step: do-it-yourself concrete monolithic staircase. Monolithic concrete stairs Manufacturing monolithic steps to the house

Not a single residential or industrial building is conceivable without such structural element like a staircase. A series of steps serves as a communication point between rooms located on different levels. She experiences considerable stress every day. Therefore, increased demands are placed on it in terms of comfort, reliability and safety. In the article we'll talk on how to make a concrete staircase with your own hands.

1. Reinforced monolithic concrete stairs
2. • Staircase design
   • Calculation of stage parameters
3. Decoration Materials

• Staircase structures can be rectangular, rotary or spiral. But regardless of the type, the concrete architectural element has the following advantages.
• Resistance to moisture, temperature fluctuations and aggressive environments. Therefore, such structures are erected both indoors and outdoors.
• High strength is achieved by reinforcing the concrete mixture. The steps can withstand very impressive loads, which makes them incredibly reliable and practically durable.

Monolithic concrete stairs photo

• Concrete stairs provide ample opportunities regarding decorative finishing. Here you can use porcelain stoneware and ceramic tiles, wooden planks (parquet, laminate) and other materials.
• No steps required special care and regular impregnation. If a defect occurs on the surface, it is enough to re-fill the area to be restored with concrete mortar.
• The construction of the structure is carried out on its own without the use of special or expensive building materials, as well as without the involvement of special equipment and specialists.
• Filled steps are ready for use within 7-10 days. This allows you to use them at all stages of construction, carry tools, materials, etc.
• Since the staircase is erected simultaneously with the construction of the house, in addition to its direct purpose, it plays another role - constructive.
• Among the disadvantages are its impressive weight, massiveness (takes up a lot of space) and solidity - the staircase cannot be dismantled, rearranged or modified.

Concrete grade for staircase structures

• To make concrete stairs, ready-made mortar M200 class B15 or M250 class B20 is usually used. This material is based on fine crushed stone, with the addition of binders, modified additives and other fillers.
• When choosing concrete for the construction of external stairs, it is important to pay attention to the frost resistance (F) and water resistance (W) indicators.

To mix concrete mortar Mark 250 on your own, use the following proportions:

• 1 part concrete M400;
• 2 parts washed sand;
• 4 parts of crushed stone fraction 10×20 mm;
• about ½ part water;
• 0.7% by weight of cement plasticizing additive C-3.

Mixing the mortar the old fashioned way, using a pallet and a shovel, is incredibly difficult, especially since filling the steps must be done in one go. Therefore, it is recommended to borrow a compact concrete mixer from your neighbors or rent it from construction crews.

First, sand and crushed stone are poured into the device, and the bulk materials are mixed for at least 2-3 minutes. Then a plasticizer (in dry or concentrated form) and water are added. All components are mixed for at least 5 minutes.

Important! Poor mixing of all components reduces the final strength of concrete by 20%.

How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands

Staircase design

• If work on the construction of a staircase is carried out independently (without the involvement of specialists), then the project on paper is drawn up on its own. The plan calculates the dimensions of the room, the slope of the structure, its length and width, and also takes into account the presence doorways, method and direction of door opening.
• The construction of a concrete staircase requires special attention angle of inclination. The optimal value of this parameter is in the range of 26-37º. A staircase that is too steep can become life-threatening, while a staircase that is flatter will take up a lot of usable space, and it is not particularly comfortable when ascending/descending.

• When developing a project, you must act consistently. First, the number of steps is calculated, then their length, width, angle of rotation, platform parameters, etc. Only with the right approach can we talk about the safety and convenience of the design.

Calculation of stage parameters

• In addition to strength characteristics, such a design must meet operational characteristics. The selected parameters should be as comfortable as possible when ascending or descending while maintaining evenness of step.
• As for the width, it can vary from 0.9 to 1.5 meters. Undoubtedly, the wider the staircase, the more convenient it is, but the area of ​​the room does not always allow the construction of structures of the preferred size. Therefore, when designing, we take into account not only comfort, but also free squaring.

There are average indicators of stages that determine ease of use:

• height 190-220 mm;
• width 250-330 mm.

• To correctly calculate the parameters, use the simple formula 2a+b=640, where: a - step height; b - step width; 640 mm — average length human step.
• Substituting the average data, we get: 2×190+280=660. As you can see from the example, the selected dimensions fully correspond to comfortable performance characteristics.
• Using the Pythagorean theorem, we calculate the length of the march. Here it is necessary to take into account the thickness of the decorative flooring. The result obtained is divided by the height of one step. For example: 3000/190=15.8, which means that there are 16 steps for a 3-meter long flight.
• If during the calculations the tenth part is small (for example, it turned out to be 14.3 or 16.4), then it is recommended to take only the whole number as a basis, and distribute the remainder evenly over the height of all steps (the damage to the comfort of ascent and descent will be insignificant).

Important! When calculating, you should take into account the height of the tallest family member. So that when he gets up on the second step he doesn’t hit his head on the ceiling. Here it is necessary to add 400 mm to a person’s height (the average height of two steps without finishing material!)

Formwork for pouring concrete stairs

• Formwork assembly is one of the key points construction. To make the concrete surface as smooth as possible, use moisture-resistant plywood with a thickness of at least 20 mm. For the side walls of steps and the formation of risers, edged boards with a thickness of 30-35 mm are used.

• For the bottom surface, take a solid slab. Its installation at the desired angle is carried out using vertical bars or special telescopic racks, which can be easily rented from construction teams.
• Since the mass of the concrete mixture is quite large, it makes sense to use metal corners and bars to strengthen the formwork. It is recommended to attach additional reinforcing elements to the bottom of the formwork every 50-80 cm.
• Next, steps are formed using edged boards. During installation, the internal dimensions are taken as a basis, that is, when fixed, the external parameters of each step will be 30-35 mm (exactly the width of the lumber used) larger than the design parameters.
• Wooden elements must fit tightly to each other, the formation of gaps and cracks is not allowed. To prevent the solution from being absorbed into the lumber, it is generously moistened or the walls are protected before pouring. plastic film, as well as any waterproofing material.

Important! When assembling the structure, self-tapping screws are used. Their location should be only external, so that when dismantling the formwork there are no difficulties that could lead to partial destruction of the concrete surface.

Technology for reinforcing concrete stairs

• To give strength to the staircase structure and prevent the edges of the steps from crumbling, reinforcement is carried out. For the work you will need steel reinforcement with a diameter of 8 and 14 mm, knitting wire, as well as a tool for bending and cutting rods, pliers.
• Thicker steel rods are used for longitudinal reinforcement, and smaller diameter rods for transverse reinforcement. At a distance of at least 30 mm from the bottom of the formwork, 14 mm reinforcement is laid in increments of 150-200 mm. To do this, it is enough to place broken pieces of brick or ceramic tiles.

• Transverse rods are also laid out at a distance of 150-200 mm from each other. Fixation of the reinforcement in the form of a mesh is ensured by means of a knitting wire, fastened and tightened with pliers.
• For reliability, you can lay out the second row of the finished mesh with 150x150mm cells from 4 mm reinforcement. This layer should be positioned in such a way that the concrete layer covers the metal by 30-40 mm. To ensure such parameters, original chairs are prepared from metal rods.
• If the structure will rest on three sides (top, bottom and side), then reinforcement is laid in advance during the construction of the walls. As a result, the most durable fixation of the staircase from the side is ensured.

How to properly pour concrete stairs

• The concrete solution begins to be poured from the bottom step. The frame is filled in small portions. After filling, tamping is performed with an electric vibrator. This tool will help get rid of air voids that adversely affect the strength characteristics finished design.
• In addition to the vibrator, you can gently tap with a hammer on all sides of the formwork. As a rule, the mixture will settle 2-3 cm from the required level; the deficiency is compensated by a new portion of the concrete mixture. Next, the tamping process is repeated.

• If the solution no longer settles, then the surface is finally leveled with a trowel or rule. Between concreting each step, a break of 10-15 minutes should be maintained, during which time the pressure of the solution drops slightly.
• To move upwards, you can lean a standard wooden stairs or use regular boards. After completion of the work, the concrete is covered with plastic film, which prevents it from drying out prematurely.

Important! During the first 2-3 days, the polyethylene is periodically removed, and the concrete surface is wetted by spraying; a direct stream of water should be avoided.

• The frame is dismantled after 3-4 weeks, during this period concrete mixture will gain at least 80-90% strength.
• The undoubted advantage of concrete surfaces is their absolute maintainability. Therefore, if any defects are found after drying, they can easily be corrected by partial “patches” or re-filling. However, in order to avoid financial and time costs, it is better to do it once according to all the rules, putting in more effort and effort.

Decoration Materials

• It is not recommended to leave a concrete staircase without further finishing. After some time, the edges of the steps will begin to crumble. Yes and appearance the stairs leave much to be desired, although many modern styles welcome concrete structures in their original form.
• Depending on the style direction, the steps are lined with porcelain stoneware, ceramic mosaics, and wooden planks. The side walls and bottom surface of the stairs are usually plastered and then painted.

• For safety of movement, the staircase structure is equipped with fences. Balusters and railings are made of wood and chromed metal. Forged products are distinguished by high decorative qualities, which can be called real works of art.

Of all existing structures, poured concrete stairs are perhaps the most durable and reliable. They have a lot of advantages - they are not subject to corrosion and external influences, are economical in price, and are also easy to calculate and install.

It is possible even for a beginner to make such a system with his own hands, if you follow certain rules and follow the calculation and installation instructions below, illustrated with photos and videos.

Concrete staircase - design features

The poured concrete stair system has some design features, which you need to know and take into account if you decide to build such a structure in your home with your own hands.

• Firstly, poured stairs are made on the basis of a pre-welded metal frame and reinforcement - thus, if you decide to make a concrete system yourself, you must, among other things, also have skills in working with a welding machine.
• Secondly, you must know how to make a concrete mixture in strictly defined proportions - the strength of the structure, its durability and functional characteristics depend on this.
• Thirdly, think in advance what kind of external finishing (cladding) you will use - it could be brick, natural stone, wood and other materials. In addition, take care of the reliable fencing of the poured concrete system.

Calculation of poured concrete stairs

To get a functional and practical staircase system made of concrete, before you start making it yourself, you need to calculate it correctly.

Instructions for calculating a concrete structure consist of the following main steps:

• Determine the height of the structure.
• Select the angle of inclination.
• We calculate the length of the flight of stairs.
• We calculate the number of steps.
• We make a sketch based on measurements and calculations.

Calculating the height of the stairs

The height of the concrete structure is determined empirically: use a tape measure to measure the distance from the floor of the first floor to the floor of the second floor (which is also the ceiling of the first level). Write down the result.

Tilt angle

The most optimal angle of inclination of the stairs is the generally accepted indicator from 30 to 45 degrees. If elderly people or small children live in the house, then the most comfortable slope will be an angle in the range from 30⁰ to 35⁰. In any case, you should not make the stairs steeper than at an angle of 45 degrees, otherwise it will be unsafe to walk on it.

Determining the length of the march

The photo below clearly shows how to determine the length of a flight of stairs (segment AB) using the laws of trigonometry: this segment will be equal to the sum of segments AC and CD squared:

Calculating the number of steps

The number of steps is determined based on the standard generally accepted values ​​of the width and height of the tread:

• width – from 25 to 39 cm;
• comfortable height – 18 cm.

The number of steps can be determined very simply: divide the length of the staircase by the height of the step. For example, the length of the structure is 350 cm, the height of the step is 18 cm, then:

350: 18 = 19 steps.

Making a drawing

Based on the calculations made, we can now draw a sketch of the future concrete structure. This figure should indicate all measurements taken and the main dimensions of the poured staircase.

Installation instructions

Now we can proceed directly to the installation of the concrete pouring system. In order to make a staircase with your own hands correctly and efficiently, you need to follow these step-by-step instructions:

• We assemble the formwork.
• We install the reinforcement frame.
• Pour the concrete mixture into the formwork.
• We wait for it to dry and produce Finishing work.

Assembling the formwork

You can install the bottom of the formwork yourself using a plywood sheet. It is better to make this frame from waterproof plywood with a thickness of at least 15 mm.

After the bottom is installed, you need to make the sides of the pallet from boards and the same plywood, attaching them with self-tapping screws.

Installing fittings

When the pallet is ready, it is necessary to install the reinforcement cage into it. For this, a corrugated rod with a diameter of about 12 mm is used, the knitting of which is carried out with metal wire and a hook.

The frame is made double - 2 battens with a cell of 200×200 or 200×150 mm are connected to each other on the sides and grabbed 50-60 cm in the center.

Pouring concrete

At this stage of installation, a concrete mixture is poured into the formwork with your own hands, which can be done based on the video below.

It is necessary to start pouring from the lower steps, because the solution will slide from top to bottom. Holes should be made on the steps with a shovel so that there are no voids left in the monolith.

The steps must be smoothed with a trowel so that when hardened the surface is smooth.

Finishing work

After the mixture has completely hardened (this will take at least a few days), you can begin finishing the stairs. You can cover it with brick, decorate it with wood or stone.

Video: how to make a concrete staircase with your own hands

The video below shows the process of making a concrete staircase system with your own hands.

Any staircase, no matter what its design, requires not only physical effort, but also time and nerves. It is much easier and more profitable to purchase a ready-made staircase system made by real professionals in their field.

You can purchase magnificent stylish and modern stairs of any type and shape in our online store “Staircases Master”. At the same time, you will be pleasantly surprised not only by the excellent quality of the products, but also by the low economic price of the products.

A staircase is a complex building structure that must be different high reliability, safety, durability, aesthetics and comfort. A concrete staircase meets all of the above standards. It is better to entrust the manufacture of concrete stairs to professionals. When carrying out work, you need to make the correct calculations, create a unique project and follow all the steps of the step-by-step instructions.

Such a staircase is often installed in permanent or street buildings made of concrete and brick; its service life is more than 50 years, and subsequent cosmetic repairs will update the design and extend its service life to 100 years.

Advantages of concrete stairs

Compared to wooden structure The laying of a concrete staircase is carried out during the construction of a private house. This is one of the details of the object that enhances the structural strength. Other advantages of the structure include:

• reliability, strength, long service life;
• moisture resistance, minimal risk of fire;
• the possibility of laying together with the building, which ensures savings;
• use of corrosion-resistant steel reinforcement;
• possibility of finishing with any building material;
• resistance to negative external factors and increased use.

Choosing the type of staircase

Before the beginning construction work you should decide on the type of construction, the shape of the stairs, and select suitable building materials High Quality. You should not save much on purchasing raw materials, as its quality can greatly affect the reliability and durability of the finished product. The staircase cannot be used immediately after pouring the steps, since the concrete will take up to 4 weeks to gain strength. Only after this can the formwork be removed. You also need to decide in advance on the location of the structure and the method of opening the doors.

By design, monolithic staircases are divided into straight (one- and two-flight), spiral (or screw). Screw options with winder steps have an aesthetic appearance; they are more in demand among consumers, but require formwork with a radial shape, so they are most often made to order.

An elementary option is a straight interfloor staircase with one flight, located between two walls. In this case, there will be no end parts of the structure, and the formwork is fastened to the walls. It is more difficult to make a semicircular or monolithic structure resting on one wall. To design the free end, you need to add one side part to the structure. You can choose a marching system where there are no supports on the walls (the lower and upper floors serve as load-bearing elements); the formwork is assembled with side elements.

But there is not always enough space to build a single-flight version, so preference is given to a two-flight version with winder steps or platforms between the flights.

Concrete stairs can also be monolithic, combined, prefabricated from factory-made flights, or type-set.

The first type is performed on site using the technology of pouring concrete mortar into the formwork, and can be installed anywhere (on the porch, street or basement).

The second option is a metal structure of complex shape (frame) with concrete steps. Each step is cast using formwork and reinforcing mesh, and marble chips and granite crushed stone are used as building materials. The dried surface is polished.

Prefabricated marches of factory production are used mainly in apartment buildings, however, if desired and if you have a small crane, this option can also take place. The main advantage is the price, the disadvantage is limitations standard sizes.

Stacked types consist of a concrete beam (stringer) and individual steps, which are rectangular, triangular, corner and with a groove. Reinforced concrete types are made in a factory according to specified dimensions and have a standard shape.

Calculation of stairs

Before starting construction work, you need to measure the space, make a diagram, drawing or project of the planned structure with a preliminary calculation of all elements and indicating the required dimensions. The drawing is developed reflecting design parameters, number of steps, height and width. As a rule, the height of the steps is 15-18 cm, and the minimum span width is 80-90 cm. You also need to take into account the thickness of the finishing material, know the building codes, carry out the work in stages, and do not forget about the presence of fences and embedded elements.

Climbing angle

The first parameter is the angle of inclination (lift), the value of which affects the length and height of the structure. So, with the same height, a product with a tilt angle of 25° will be longer than analogues with indicators of 35° and 45°.
The construction of a staircase structure with an angle of 45 degrees (span projection 3 meters) will require 2.35 times less building materials than for a product with an angle of 25° (span projection 6.4 m).

According to the manual, you need to choose the elevation angle based on the appropriate size of the flight, the complexity of the structure and its comfort.

Step sizes

Having decided on the angle of inclination and height, the work of designing concrete stairs includes breaking them down into steps. The optimal step size for calculation is 27-30 cm in width and 16-20 cm in height. If you make higher steps, it will be more difficult for both the elderly and people who are accustomed to a standard step to move along them. Very low steps of less than 15 cm will also be uncomfortable for an adult, but for children this is the best option.

You can select the parameters of the steps using the formula: 2H+L = 60-64 cm, where H is the riser (step height), L is the tread (width). To calculate, you can take the above indicators: 2*18+30=66 cm.

Stair width

As a rule, the width of the stairs is country house depends on the free space or space between the walls where it will be placed. It should not be narrower than 80 cm, since when climbing to the second floor along a narrow staircase (or descending from it), a person will feel like in a tunnel. It will also be inconvenient to carry any objects. That's why optimal size will be 90-120 cm.

It is imperative to build a safe and secure fence, especially when elderly people and children live in the house. If the fence is located on the steps, it will slightly reduce the effective width of the flight, keep this in mind when calculating.

Online calculator for calculation

For your convenience, you can make all calculations using a convenient one.

Formwork assembly

After completing the calculations, you need to build the formwork yourself. For construction you will need the following materials:

• moisture-resistant plywood 1.2-1.8 cm thick, edged boards 3 cm thick for the bottom of the formwork, edging and risers;
• sheets of moisture-resistant plywood (0.6-0.9 cm each) for the manufacture of curved zones;
• support beams 10x10 cm or boards 15-17 cm wide and 5 cm thick for supports;
• beams 10x10 cm for mounting boards or plywood sheets;
• metal corners;
• fastenings (wood screws) 3.5 mm;
• concrete, trowel for leveling mortar, trowel, device for smoothing the edges of concrete structures.

To ensure that the concrete surface remains smooth after hardening, it is necessary to grind the wooden formwork parts in contact with the mortar. When using smooth plywood, no leveling procedures are required.

The formwork must be assembled using the following steps:

• The lower part is made of large boards and plywood sheets. They are tightly fastened together with bars from the outside. The bottom of the structure is supported by beams or boards, and the pitch of the supports must correspond to the pitch of the steps. The parts are secured with self-tapping screws, which are convenient to unscrew during dismantling;
• On the sides they place a flange made of edged boards or plywood, reinforcing it from the outside with boards;
• install riser bars to the flange or wall with metal corners;
• joints in parts are sealed with a mortar of cement and sand or leveled with a plane or grinding machine.

The thicker the beams, the higher the structural strength. The weight of a reinforced concrete structure will be large, which must be taken into account during the construction process. You can add additional rigidity using transverse bars.

Reinforcement

For a small staircase in a cottage, the reinforcement can be made with a mesh, which is tied from reinforcement measuring 1-1.2 cm at a distance of 15-20 cm (the size of the mesh cells will be 15x20 cm). The rods are connected with wire.

Large products must be made from reinforcement cage, including several meshes mounted with vertical rods or welding. The distance between the grids is 2-3 cm.

The frame is the skeleton of the structure where the hardened concrete solution will be fixed, so its horizontal rods must be fixed in the wall, in pre-drilled holes. The mesh or frame is laid in the lower area of ​​the formwork 2-3 centimeters from the bottom (the reinforcement can be raised using stands, bricks or stones). In the area where the railings are located, you need to place plugs or metal plates.

Pouring concrete

During concreting, a grade of concrete not lower than M200 (from class B15) is used. The solution is mixed in a concrete mixer or ordered from RBU and must contain the following components: 10 parts of cement, 30 parts of crushed stone fraction 10-20 mm, 20 parts of sand and 7 parts of water. If the composition is dense, you can add 3 parts of water.

Now you need to fill the composition correctly:

• the lower steps are performed first;
• the solution is compacted to give strength and density. To do this, you can use reinforcement, which is used to pierce the concrete in several areas. professionals recommend using a more reliable method - a construction vibrator, which squeezes concrete through the formwork;
• giving the steps the correct shape, smoothing them with a trowel;
• pouring the remaining elements and the porch;
• covering the solution with a film to protect it from cracks and early hardening. You can also regularly moisten the outer surface of the flooded area with water.

Removing formwork

Concrete gains strength within 4 weeks. After 7 days, you need to remove the boards from the steps and sides. The freed surfaces are leveled grinder or a grinder with a circle for processing concrete. After 21 days, the supporting beams from the lower area of ​​the structure are removed. And only on the 28th day can the remaining formwork be completely removed.

Finish lining

Concrete staircase, made with your own hands, can have different finishing options: wood, laminate, tiles, carpet, acrylic stone or porcelain stoneware. Any material must be laid on a level base. After dismantling the formwork, uneven areas may remain on the site, which are recommended to be removed by sanding and plastering. The end parts are usually finished plaster mortar and covered with paint. After this, the steps are covered with one of the materials.

The surface can be covered with tiles, artificial or natural stone with a rough surface. The material is laid on cement mortar or tile adhesive. Using the same technology, mosaics are laid, creating original compositions from small elements.

The finishing can be done with wood panels that are resistant to abrasion. For this purpose, larch and exotic species that have undergone antiseptic treatment are selected.

An excellent treatment option is laminate, which is abrasion-resistant, easy to install and durable.

If children or elderly people live in the house, then you can choose carpet, available in different colors.

To save money, you can simply paint the steps with high-quality concrete paint.

Anyway appearance stairs is associated with the taste preferences and financial capabilities of the owner.

The staircase is a relevant element in the construction of private houses. It provides a comfortable lift to the upper floor; it can be straight or rotary, curved or helical. For a house built from wood, a wooden staircase is perfect, but for brick or block buildings, a concrete option suggests itself. Making formwork and pouring a concrete product without the help of specialists is not as difficult as it might seem, especially after reading this article.

Peculiarities

Any staircase must have high degree reliability and safety. According to the owners of the house, such a structure is built to last. But, in addition to strength, the aesthetics of the structure play an important role. Monolithic concrete stairs have all of the above criteria. These are durable structures that are resistant to any impact and are superior to their wooden and metal counterparts in all respects.

By design There are also many ideas for concrete stairs that will allow you to realize any fantasies and requests.

Advantages and disadvantages

If you have not yet decided whether to install a monolithic staircase or not, we recommend that you analyze all its advantages and disadvantages, and only then draw conclusions. Particular attention should be paid to indicators such as cost, design options and performance characteristics.

Experts note the following advantages of concrete structures:

• Versatility. Concrete stairs can be installed both inside the house and outside. The degree of air humidity does not affect its functionality. Subject to the right technology poured it will last for several decades.

• High degree of strength. Concrete cannot be compared with any other materials. It has excellent resistance to dynamic loads. The ladder will not become loose over time. You will also be pleased with the absence of squeaking when moving along it.

• High fire safety performance. When emergency situations such stairs serve as an escape route. Therefore, resistance to fire is an undeniable advantage.

• Variety of shapes and finishes. Only concrete pouring will allow you to give the most intricate and original shape. It is possible to perform any finishing option: wood, MDF, laminate, ceramic tiles, stone, glass, etc.

Along with all the advantages presented, there are some features of durable concrete products that may exclude the possibility of their construction:

• Huge weight.

• To construct a structure of this type, it is necessary to have a reliable base and ceiling. Otherwise, you should not undertake the construction of such a ladder. Large labor costs.

• The construction of any concrete monolith is a multi-stage process that requires physical effort and patience. Difficult to install.

• When working with reinforcement and concrete mixture, it will be difficult to cope alone, so it is better to invite a couple of assistants. Long commissioning period.

After pouring, the concrete must stand for at least four weeks. You cannot use the stairs right away. Many people think that concrete products have a rough appearance. Such reproaches are groundless, since good finish

will turn the design into a work of art.

Calculation There is no need to hope that a concrete staircase can be built “by eye”. Any inaccuracy will significantly reduce all the advantages of the design and make it unsafe. It is necessary to make it a rule that any construction must be carried out in accordance with generally accepted standards and in compliance with technology.

Correct calculation processes play a critical role.

Main settings First, determine the installation location of the structure. The area allocated for the lift to the upper floor will affect its size.

Even at the stage of creating a house project, you should pay special attention to the allocation of staircase space.

• The following parameters are taken into account:
• height of the stairs;
• projection of the structure onto the floor;
• opening width;
• step depth;

riser height.

for calculation

Steepness For the installation of stairs in, the angle of inclination should be comfortable. They take into account the fact that both small children and elderly people will use it. The steepness of the devices for convenient movement varies between 30-45 degrees. The last parameter is critical. The optimal angle of inclination for stairs in a private house is 40 degrees.

Flight length

The length of the staircase is determined by the area allocated for its construction. It is calculated using a geometric formula - the Pythagorean theorem. To do this, it is necessary to measure parameters such as the distance from the floor to the ceiling on the second floor and the projection length of the proposed structure. These two quantities are considered legs right triangle, the length of the staircase is the hypotenuse. To calculate, you need to add the squares of the resulting numbers, and then take the square root.

Reinforcement

An important point in installing a concrete staircase is its reinforcement. Only in this way will it be possible to achieve the necessary strength and reliability of the structure.

The structure is strengthened using reinforcement. There is no need to oversaturate elements with metal. This does not affect the degree of strength, but the weight of the ladder increases significantly. In this regard, you need to be guided by the standards, which state that the total area of ​​the reinforcement should be 0.25% of the cross-section of the part. Knowing all the indicators, it is not difficult to make the appropriate calculations.

Calculation of the minimum number of rods for longitudinal reinforcement of a flight of stairs

They start by defining the basic parameters:

• march width;
• slab thickness;
• diametrical section of the reinforcement.

The diameter of the reinforcement is determined by the dimensions of the flights of stairs. Up to 3 m, rods with a diameter of 10 mm are used, and above - 12 mm. Based on the structure, only corrugated reinforcement is selected.

The rods must be laid with a distance between them of 250-300 mm. These are the minimum indicators. Otherwise, small cells will prevent the uniform distribution of concrete. Inside the slab, the rods are placed so that the concrete layer (both above and below) is within 2-5 cm.

To calculate the minimum number of longitudinal rods, you can use online calculators. With their help, more complex calculations are performed. For example, for a staircase 800 mm wide and 150 mm thick, using rods with a diameter of 10 mm, you will need at least 4 longitudinal rods.

Example of reinforcement of a concrete staircase [step by step]

DIY reinforcement requires the right choice materials and calculations. A high-quality bundle of rods is also performed. In this case, the tying will be done with a special knitting wire.

The reinforcement process is as follows:

1. Along the deck there are 4 rods with a diametrical cross-section of 10 mm in this order: on the sides, one rod at a distance of 7 cm from the edge and two with a uniform spacing between them. The pitch between the rods was 220 mm.

2. It is necessary to provide supports under the rods that would facilitate the location of the frame inside the monolith. Masters get out of this situation in different ways. But, it is best to purchase special polymer stands.

3. Moving to the site, the rods are bent and the ends are inserted into the prepared holes in the wall. Often, craftsmen put all the rods into the walls.

4. Next comes the installation of the transverse rods. They are arranged so that the result is reinforced mesh. Tying at the intersection of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars is done using tying wire.

5. Next, the process is repeated on the upper flight. To do this, first release the ends of the rods from the ceiling and bend them so that they can be welded to them. top level. The rest of the process is no different from what was on the lower flight.

On the video: frame of a monolithic staircase.

Completion of formwork installation (installation of partitions and risers)

After the reinforcement has been completed, the final process of constructing the formwork begins - installing partitions, which, after pouring concrete, will become the basis for the risers.

The work is as follows:

1. To begin with, panels are cut from OSB that will serve as partitions for the steps. The dimensions of the panels fully correspond to the height of the riser and the width of the flight.

2. Then prepare three more parts from 50×150 boards: a supporting part, the dimensions of which are equal to the dimensions of the panels, and two 100×150 pieces for attaching the lintels to the sides of the formwork.

3. Fastening the jumpers can begin from any position - from above or from below. Markings are applied on the sides of the formwork to facilitate installation.

4. First, the boards are connected to the segments, and then to the sides. A jumper is placed inside. After installing each part, you should carefully double-check the dimensions and install supports.

When installing the formwork, you must have with you polyurethane foam. It is used to seal the resulting cracks so that the concrete does not leak out.

Pouring the stairs

After installing the formwork, the concrete pouring begins. At this stage of work it is also necessary to strictly follow the technology.

The main feature of the concrete pouring process is that it must be done in one step. In this case, it makes no difference whether the staircase is small or large. Otherwise, the solidity of the structure is disrupted and its reliability and strength are reduced. Therefore, you should worry about creating conditions for quick work or order ready-made concrete.

Not a single residential or industrial building is conceivable without such a structural element as a staircase. A series of steps serves as a communication point between rooms located at different levels. She experiences considerable stress every day. Therefore, increased demands are placed on it in terms of comfort, reliability and safety. This article will talk about how to make a concrete staircase with your own hands.

Reinforced monolithic concrete stairs

• Staircase structures can be rectangular, rotary or spiral. But regardless of the type, the concrete architectural element has the following advantages.
• Resistance to moisture, temperature fluctuations and aggressive environments. Therefore, such structures are erected both indoors and outdoors.
• High strength is achieved by reinforcing the concrete mixture. The steps can withstand very impressive loads, which makes them incredibly reliable and practically durable.

Monolithic concrete stairs photo

• Concrete stairs provide ample opportunities for decorative finishing. Here you can use porcelain stoneware and ceramic tiles, wooden planks (parquet, laminate) and other materials.
• The steps do not require special care or regular impregnation. If a defect occurs on the surface, it is enough to re-fill the area to be restored with concrete mortar.
• The construction of the structure is carried out on its own without the use of special or expensive building materials, as well as without the involvement of special equipment and specialists.
• Filled steps are ready for use within 7-10 days. This allows you to use them at all stages of construction, carry tools, materials, etc.
• Since the staircase is erected simultaneously with the construction of the house, in addition to its direct purpose, it plays another role - constructive.
• Among the disadvantages are its impressive weight, massiveness (takes up a lot of space) and solidity - the staircase cannot be dismantled, rearranged or modified.

Concrete grade for staircase structures

• To make concrete stairs, ready-made mortar M200 class B15 or M250 class B20 is usually used. This material is based on fine crushed stone, with the addition of binders, modified additives and other fillers.
• When choosing concrete for the construction of external stairs, it is important to pay attention to the frost resistance (F) and water resistance (W) indicators.

To mix concrete mortar Mark 250 on your own, use the following proportions:

• 1 part concrete M400;
• 2 parts washed sand;
• 4 parts of crushed stone fraction 10x20 mm;
• about ½ part water;
• 0.7% by weight of cement plasticizing additive C-3.

Mixing the mortar the old fashioned way, using a pallet and a shovel, is incredibly difficult, especially since filling the steps must be done in one go. Therefore, it is recommended to borrow a compact concrete mixer from your neighbors or rent it from construction crews.

First, sand and crushed stone are poured into the device, and the bulk materials are mixed for at least 2-3 minutes. Then a plasticizer (in dry or concentrated form) and water are added. All components are mixed for at least 5 minutes.

Important! Poor mixing of all components reduces the final strength of concrete by 20%.

How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands

Staircase design

• If work on the construction of a staircase is carried out independently (without the involvement of specialists), then the project on paper is drawn up on its own. The plan calculates the dimensions of the room, the slope of the structure, its length and width, and also takes into account the presence of doorways, the method and direction of opening the doors.
• The construction of concrete stairs requires special attention to the angle of inclination. The optimal value of this parameter is in the range of 26-37º. A staircase that is too steep can become life-threatening, while a staircase that is flatter will take up a lot of usable space, and it is not particularly comfortable when ascending/descending.

• When developing a project, you must act consistently. First, the number of steps is calculated, then their length, width, angle of rotation, platform parameters, etc. Only with the right approach can we talk about the safety and convenience of the design.

Calculation of stage parameters

• In addition to strength characteristics, such a design must meet operational characteristics. The selected parameters should be as comfortable as possible when ascending or descending while maintaining evenness of step.
• As for the width, it can vary from 0.9 to 1.5 meters. Undoubtedly, the wider the staircase, the more convenient it is, but the area of ​​the room does not always allow the construction of structures of the preferred size. Therefore, when designing, we take into account not only comfort, but also free squaring.

There are average indicators of stages that determine ease of use:

• height 190-220 mm;
• width 250-330 mm.

• To correctly calculate the parameters, use the simple formula 2a+b=640, where: a – step height; b – step width; 640 mm is the average length of a human step.
• Substituting the average data, we get: 2x190+280=660. As you can see from the example, the selected dimensions fully correspond to comfortable performance characteristics.
• Using the Pythagorean theorem, we calculate the length of the march. Here it is necessary to take into account the thickness of the decorative flooring. The result obtained is divided by the height of one step. For example: 3000/190=15.8, which means that there are 16 steps for a 3-meter long flight.
• If during the calculations the tenth part is small (for example, it turned out to be 14.3 or 16.4), then it is recommended to take only the whole number as a basis, and distribute the remainder evenly over the height of all steps (the damage to the comfort of ascent and descent will be insignificant).

Important! When calculating, you should take into account the height of the tallest family member. So that when he gets up on the second step he doesn’t hit his head on the ceiling. Here it is necessary to add 400 mm to a person’s height (the average height of two steps without finishing material!)

Formwork for pouring concrete stairs

• Formwork assembly is one of the key aspects of construction. To make the concrete surface as smooth as possible, use moisture-resistant plywood with a thickness of at least 20 mm. For the side walls of steps and the formation of risers, edged boards with a thickness of 30-35 mm are used.

• For the bottom surface, take a solid slab. Its installation at the desired angle is carried out using vertical bars or special telescopic racks, which can be easily rented from construction teams.
• Since the mass of the concrete mixture is quite large, it makes sense to use metal corners and bars to strengthen the formwork. It is recommended to attach additional reinforcing elements to the bottom of the formwork every 50-80 cm.
• Next, steps are formed using edged boards. During installation, the internal dimensions are taken as a basis, that is, when fixed, the external parameters of each step will be 30-35 mm (exactly the width of the lumber used) larger than the design parameters.
• Wooden elements must fit tightly to each other, the formation of gaps and cracks is not allowed. To prevent the solution from being absorbed into the lumber, before pouring it, it is generously moistened or the walls are protected with plastic film, as well as any waterproofing material.

Important! When assembling the structure, self-tapping screws are used. Their location should be only external, so that when dismantling the formwork there are no difficulties that could lead to partial destruction of the concrete surface.

Technology for reinforcing concrete stairs

• To give strength to the staircase structure and prevent the edges of the steps from crumbling, reinforcement is carried out. For the work you will need steel reinforcement with a diameter of 8 and 14 mm, knitting wire, as well as a tool for bending and cutting rods, pliers.
• Thicker steel rods are used for longitudinal reinforcement, and smaller diameter rods for transverse reinforcement. At a distance of at least 30 mm from the bottom of the formwork, 14 mm reinforcement is laid in increments of 150-200 mm. To do this, it is enough to place broken pieces of brick or ceramic tiles under it.

• Transverse rods are also laid out at a distance of 150-200 mm from each other. Fixation of the reinforcement in the form of a mesh is ensured by means of a knitting wire, fastened and tightened with pliers.
• For reliability, you can lay out the second row of the finished mesh with 150x150mm cells from 4 mm reinforcement. This layer should be positioned in such a way that the concrete layer covers the metal by 30-40 mm. To ensure such parameters, original chairs are prepared from metal rods.
• If the structure will rest on three sides (top, bottom and side), then reinforcement is laid in advance during the construction of the walls. As a result, the most durable fixation of the staircase from the side is ensured.

How to properly pour concrete stairs

• The concrete solution begins to be poured from the bottom step. The frame is filled in small portions. After filling, tamping is performed with an electric vibrator. This tool will help get rid of air voids that adversely affect the strength characteristics of the finished structure.
• In addition to the vibrator, you can gently tap with a hammer on all sides of the formwork. As a rule, the mixture will settle 2-3 cm from the required level; the deficiency is compensated by a new portion of the concrete mixture. Next, the tamping process is repeated.

• If the solution no longer settles, then the surface is finally leveled with a trowel or rule. Between concreting each step, a break of 10-15 minutes should be maintained, during which time the pressure of the solution drops slightly.
• To move upward, you can lean a standard wooden ladder on the frame or use ordinary boards. After completion of the work, the concrete is covered with plastic film, which prevents it from drying out prematurely.

Important! During the first 2-3 days, the polyethylene is periodically removed, and the concrete surface is wetted by spraying; a direct stream of water should be avoided.

• The frame is dismantled after 3-4 weeks; it is during this period that the concrete mixture will gain at least 80-90% strength.
• The undoubted advantage of concrete surfaces is their absolute maintainability. Therefore, if any defects are found after drying, they can easily be corrected by partial “patches” or re-filling. However, in order to avoid financial and time costs, it is better to do it once according to all the rules, putting in more effort and effort.

Decoration Materials

• It is not recommended to leave a concrete staircase without further finishing. After some time, the edges of the steps will begin to crumble. And the appearance of the staircase leaves much to be desired, although many modern styles welcome concrete structures in their original form.
• Depending on the style direction, the steps are lined with porcelain stoneware, ceramic mosaics, and wooden planks. The side walls and bottom surface of the stairs are usually plastered and then painted.

• For safety of movement, the staircase structure is equipped with fences. Balusters and railings are made of wood and chromed metal. Forged products are distinguished by high decorative qualities, which can be called real works of art.

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Pouring steps with concrete

Since ancient times, stairs have been an integral architectural element of most buildings. In addition to their main purpose, steps can become an accent and a successful addition to the interior or exterior. With the development of technology, high-tech and industrial styles have become especially popular, the emergence of which also influenced the design of stairs. With their help, you can divide the room into zones and make the interior interesting and dynamic. The layout of low-rise and multi-storey buildings. Various materials are used for pouring, but most often builders make steps from concrete.

Preparation

Pouring steps with concrete requires preparation. First of all, it is necessary to determine the number, height and width of steps, and calculate the approximate monetary costs. The width of the steps must exceed the width entrance doors, at least fifteen centimeters. If builders plan to make a wide platform near the building, the parameters of the porch can be increased. It is also important to think about whether the ramp needs to be grouted. Each step should be about seventeen centimeters high and about thirty centimeters wide. The slope of the concrete porch should be forty-five degrees; if this figure is higher, then it will be difficult to climb the stairs, especially for disabled people and the elderly. If there are more than three steps, builders should take care to install stable railings. Before starting work, it is important to make drawings indicating dimensions. Then you can begin preparing the base, which is also made from concrete.

Tools and materials

You will need:

• cement mortar;
• crushed stone;
• screwdriver;
• Master OK;
• sand;
• boards for formwork;
• reinforcing mesh, wire;
• screws, metal corners;
• wooden grater;
• jigsaw;
• drill;
• scissors for cutting metal;
• concrete mixer;
• vibratory screed

Wood lags behind concrete surfaces after they harden, but this material has a significant drawback. Boards warp and deteriorate from variable exposure to moisture. If you are going to use the same boards when building several flights of stairs, you will have to protect them from damage. Before laying the reinforcement and pouring the porch, the tree is covered with a special dense material that will protect it from moisture, for example, roofing felt. If the necessary building material is not at hand, wooden boards are varnished. To fasten the formwork, self-tapping screws should be used. Experts do not recommend using nails, since the fastening will be difficult to disassemble.

Filling the steps

Construction work consists of the following stages:

Step cladding

Concrete can be coated with different materials. This will extend the life of the porch, since the base of the concrete steps will be protected from influences environment. In addition, the cladding will allow you to beautifully decorate the staircase. Builders use several options for finishing concrete porches:

1. Porcelain tiles. This building material is made of clay white, to which minerals have been added. Due to firing, it becomes very durable, so this cladding is considered one of the most durable. The addition of pigments allows you to give the tiles different shades.
2. Clinker (red clay tiles). This material is recognized as safe for the environment, since the tiles do not contain any harmful additives. The tiles have different shapes.

Conclusion

If you carry out construction work following instructions, using correctly drawn up drawings and high quality Construction Materials, then you can make a porch with your own hands no worse than professionals.

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Guide to Pouring Concrete Stairs

Concrete stairs are the most durable and reliable. This is due to the fact that the reinforcement laid there helps ensure the strength of the coating, and concrete is a material that is not subject to destruction under the influence of moisture.

Concrete stairs have always been considered the most reliable and durable.

Installation can be done indoors and outdoors. To make them look more aesthetically pleasing, you can make decorations from ceramic tiles or ceramic stone. But the most important process is pouring. So what is the correct way to fill stairs with concrete?

In order to do everything correctly, you should stock up on the following materials:

Calculation of steps, where: H is the height of the step, and L is the width of the step.

• wooden planks or waterproof plywood;
• metal corners;
• steel rods;
• crushed stone;
• cement mortar.

Before you start work, you need to choose the appearance and find out how high the steps will be. Here we should proceed from the fact that the steps should be such that it is comfortable to walk on them. The classic size of steps is 17 cm, but their finishing should also be taken into account. The steps should be at least 80-90 cm wide, as such steps are very convenient.

It is very important to leave an opening at the construction stage. You need to think in advance about how it will be fenced, so that you can then make embedded parts.

Main advantages

Concrete stairs are made at the construction stage, this is their difference from wooden ones, which are installed after all construction and finishing work have been completed. Another advantage of concrete structures is that they can be used at all stages of work, and any tools and materials can be easily carried along them.

Types of installation

Concrete structures do not become loose during operation; they have a large range finishing and the opportunity to arrange original lighting. You can use other decorative techniques. If you do the concrete pouring yourself, the process will not lead to large financial costs. You only have to spend money on purchasing necessary materials.

Construction is also popular because they are not afraid of moisture, and the steel reinforcement that underlies them reliably protects against corrosion. Also, the construction of a concrete staircase is relevant for the reason that it is the main component that significantly strengthens the structure of the building.