Russia in the wars of the 19th century. Wars of Russia in the 19th century Wars and battles of the 19th century UGP

Throughout the 19th century, Russia rose to prominence on the world stage. This era is rich in international contradictions and conflicts, from which our country has not remained aloof. The reasons are varied – from expanding borders to protecting one’s own territory. During the 19th century, there were 15 wars involving Russia, 3 of which ended in defeat for it. Nevertheless, the country withstood all the harsh tests, strengthening its own position in Europe, as well as drawing important conclusions from the defeats.

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of the war:

• strengthen Russia's influence in the Caucasus, Georgia and Azerbaijan;
• resist Persian and Ottoman aggression.

Battles:

Peaceful agreement:

On October 12, 1813, the Gulistan Peace Treaty was signed in Karabakh. Its conditions:

• Russia's influence in Transcaucasia is preserved;
• Russia could maintain a navy in the Caspian Sea;
• add. export tax to Baku and Astrakhan.

Meaning:

In general, the outcome of the Russian-Iranian war for Russia was positive: expansion of influence in Asia and another access to the Caspian Sea gave the country tangible advantages. However, on the other hand, the acquisition of Caucasian territories resulted in a further struggle for the autonomy of the local population. In addition, the war marked the beginning of a confrontation between Russia and England, which continued for another hundred years.

Wars of anti-French coalitions 1805-1814.

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of wars:

• liberate the territories captured by Napoleon;
• restore the previous, pre-revolutionary regime in France.

Battles:

Meaning:

As a result of the wars of the anti-French coalitions, France returned to its previous borders and to the pre-revolutionary regime. Most of the colonies lost in the wars were returned to her. In general, Napoleonic bourgeois empire contributed to the invasion of capitalism into the feudal order of Europe in the 19th century.

For Russia, a big blow was the forced severance of trade relations with England after the defeat of 1807. This led to a deterioration in the economic situation and a decline in the authority of the tsar.

Russian-Turkish War 1806-1812

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of the war:

• the Black Sea straits - the Turkish Sultan closed them to Russia;
• influence in the Balkans - Türkiye also laid claim to it.

Battles:

Peaceful agreement:

05/16/1812 – the Peace of Bucharest was accepted. Its conditions:

• Russia received Bessarabia, as well as the transfer of the border from the Dniester to the Prut;
• Turkey has recognized Russia's interests in the Transcaucasus;
• Anapa and the Danube principalities went to Turkey;
• Serbia was becoming autonomous;
• Russia patronized Christians living in Turkey.

Meaning:

The Bucharest Peace is also a generally positive decision for the Russian Empire, despite the fact that some of the fortresses were lost. However, now, with the increase in the border in Europe, Russian merchant ships were given greater freedom. But the main victory was that the troops were freed to conduct a military campaign against Napoleon.

Anglo-Russian War 1807-1812

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of the war:

• Repel aggression aimed at Denmark, an ally of Russia

Battles:

There were no large-scale battles in this war, but only isolated naval clashes:

• in June 1808 near about. Nargen was attacked by a Russian gun boat;
• the biggest defeats for Russia ended in naval battles in the Baltic Sea in July 1808;
• On the White Sea, the British attacked the city of Kola and fishing settlements on the shores of Murmansk in May 1809.

Peaceful agreement:

On July 18, 1812, the opponents signed the Erebru Peace Treaty, according to which friendly and trade cooperation was established between them, and they also pledged to provide military support in the event of an attack on one of the countries.

Meaning:

The “strange” war without significant battles and events, which proceeded sluggishly for 5 years, was ended by the same person who provoked it - Napoleon, and the Peace of Erebru marked the beginning of the formation of the Sixth Coalition.

Russian-Swedish War 1808-1809

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of the war:

• the capture of Finland in order to secure the northern border;
• oblige Sweden to dissolve allied relations with England

Battles:

Peaceful agreement:

09/05/1809 – Friedrichsham Peace Treaty between Russia and Sweden. According to it, the latter pledged to join the blockade of England, and Russia received Finland (as an autonomous principality).

Meaning:

Interaction between states contributed to their economic development, and the change in the status of Finland led to its integration into the Russian economic system.

Patriotic War of 1812

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of the war:

• drive out the invaders from the country;
• preserve the territory of the country;
• increase the authority of the state.

Battles:

Peaceful agreement:

09.1814 – 06.1815 – The Congress of Vienna proclaims complete victory over Napoleon’s army. Russia's military goals have been achieved, Europe is free from the aggressor.

Meaning:

The war brought human losses and economic ruin to the country, but the victory contributed to a significant increase in the authority of the state and the tsar, as well as the unification of the population and an increase in their national consciousness, which led to the emergence of social movements, including the Decembrists. All this had an impact on the sphere of culture and art.

Russian-Iranian War 1826-1828

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of the war:

• resist aggression

Battles:

Peaceful agreement:

02/22/1828 - the Turkmanchay Peace was concluded, according to which Persia agreed with the terms of the Treaty of Gulistan and did not lay claim to the lost territories and undertook to pay an indemnity.

Meaning:

The annexation of part of eastern Armenia (Nakhichevan, Erivan) to Russia freed the Caucasian peoples from the threat of enslavement by eastern despotism, enriched their culture and provided the population with personal and property security. No less important is the recognition of Russia's exclusive right to have a military fleet in the Caspian Sea.

Russian-Turkish War 1828-1829

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of the war:

• provide assistance to the Greeks who rebelled against the Turks;
• gain the opportunity to control the Black Sea straits;
• strengthen the position on the Balkan Peninsula.

Battles:

Peaceful agreement:

09/14/1829 – according to which territories on the eastern coast of the Black Sea were transferred to Russia, the Turks recognized the autonomy of Serbia, Moldavia, Wallachia, as well as the lands conquered by Russia from the Persians, and pledged to pay indemnity.

Meaning:

Russia achieved control over the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, which at that time were of the greatest military-strategic importance throughout the world.

Polish uprisings of 1830, 1863

1830 - the national liberation movement begins in Poland, but Russia prevents this and sends in troops. As a result, the uprising was suppressed, the Polish kingdom became part of the Russian Empire, and the Polish Sejm and army ceased to exist. The unit of administrative-territorial division becomes the province (instead of voivodeships), and the Russian system of weights and measures and the monetary system are also introduced.

The uprising of 1863 was caused by Poles' dissatisfaction with Russian rule in Poland and the Western Territory. The Polish national liberation movement is making attempts to return its state to the borders of 1772. As a result, the uprising was defeated, and the Russian authorities began to pay more attention to these territories. Thus, the peasant reform was carried out in Poland earlier and on more favorable terms than in Russia, and attempts to reorient the population were manifested in the education of the peasantry in the spirit of the Russian Orthodox tradition.

Crimean War 1853-1856

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of the war:

• gain priority in the Balkan Peninsula and the Caucasus;
• consolidate positions on the Black Sea straits;
• provide support to the Balkan peoples in the fight against the Turks.

Battles:

Peaceful agreement:

03/06/1856 – Treaty of Paris. Russia left Kars to the Turks in exchange for Sevastopol, renounced the Danube principalities, and renounced patronage of the Slavs living in the Bakans. The Black Sea was declared neutral.

Meaning:

The country's authority has fallen. The defeat revealed the country's weaknesses: diplomatic mistakes, the incompetence of the high command, but most importantly, technical backwardness due to the failure of feudalism as an economic system.

Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878

Opponents and their commanders:

Goals of the war:

• the final solution to the Eastern Question;
• restore lost influence over Turkey;
• provide assistance to the liberation movement of the Balkan Slavic population.

Battles:

Peaceful agreement:

02/19/1878 - conclusion of the San Stefano Peace Agreement. The south of Bessarabia went to Russia, Türkiye undertook to pay an indemnity. Bulgaria was granted autonomy, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro received independence.

07/1/1878 – Berlin Congress (due to dissatisfaction of European countries with the results of the peace treaty). The size of the indemnity decreased, Southern Bulgaria came under Turkish rule, Serbia and Montenegro lost part of the conquered territories.

Meaning:

The main result of the war was the liberation of the Balkan Slavs. Russia managed to partially restore its authority after its defeat in the Crimean War.

Numerous wars of the 19th century, of course, did not pass without a trace for Russia in economic terms, but their importance is difficult to overestimate. The Eastern Question, which for the Russian Empire was expressed in a long-term confrontation with Turkey, was practically resolved, new territories were acquired, and the Balkan Slavs were liberated. The major defeat in the Crimean War revealed all the internal imperfections and clearly proved the need to abandon feudalism in the near future.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Europe
  • 1.1 Era of Napoleon
    • 1.1.1 War of 1805: France against the third anti-Napoleonic coalition
    • 1.1.2 Russian-Prussian-French War of 1806-1807 - War of the Fourth Coalition
  • 1.2 Spanish-French War
  • 1.3 Austro-French War of 1809. War of the Fifth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition
    • 1.3.1 Patriotic War of 1812
    • 1.3.2 War of the Sixth Coalition
  • 1.4 Other wars of the beginning of the century
    • 1.4.1 Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)
    • 1.4.2 Russo-Swedish War 1808-1809
    • 1.4.3 Russo-Persian War 1826-1828
    • 1.4.4 Crimean War 1853-1856
    • 1.4.5 Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871
    • 1.4.6 Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878
  • 1.5 19th century, other
• 2 America

Introduction

1. Europe

1.1. Napoleon era

1.1.1. War of 1805: France against the third anti-Napoleonic coalition

• Battle of Trafalgar - between the French-Spanish and British fleets
• Battle of Ulm - the encirclement of the Austrian army by Napoleon
• Battle of Amstetten - between the French vanguard and the Russian rearguard
• Battle of Shengraben - encirclement and unsuccessful attempt to destroy Bagration
• The Battle of Durrenstern is an unsuccessful attempt by Kutuzov with part of the forces (24,000 people) of his army to destroy the French. Gazan's division (8,000 people).
• Battle of Austerlitz - also known as Battle of Three Emperors: Napoleon, the Austrian Archduke and Alexander I. The French inflict a crushing defeat on the Allied army.

1.1.2. Russian-Prussian-French War of 1806-1807 - War of the Fourth Coalition

• Battle of Golymin - 18,000 Russians stopped 38,000 French
• Battle of Pultusk - L. L. Bennigsen fought a draw with the corps of Marshal Lann.
• Battle of Charnovo - 5,000 Russians engage Davout's corps (20,000 men)
• The Battle of Preussisch Eylau is a bloody battle between Napoleon and Bennigsen. It ended in a draw, but at night the Russian army retreated.
• Battle of Guttstadt - Bennigsen defeated the French corps. Marshal Ney.
• Battle of Heilsberg - Bennigsen repelled all attacks of Marshals Lannes and Murat.
• The Battle of Friedland is a French victory that led to the Peace of Tilsit

1.2. Spanish-French War

• Battle of Bailen 1808 - defeat of the French. General Dupont de l'Etan, Pierre-Antoine surrendered.
• Battle of Albuera 1811 - Battle of the village of Albuera near the city of Badajoz (Spain), as a result of which the combined forces of the English expeditionary force, Spanish and Portuguese troops (43 thousand) defeated Napoleon's troops (23 thousand).

1.3. Austro-French War of 1809. War of the Fifth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition

• Battle of Aspern-Essling - May 21-22, 1809 - Napoleon's tactical retreat
• Battle of Batavia - August 26, 1811 - Jakarta was captured by the British. The Franco-Dutch garrison surrendered

1.3.1. Patriotic War of 1812

• The battle of Grodno - Platov's Cossack corps against the corps of Beauharnais and Poniatovsky. The first battle of the War of 1812.
• The Battle of Oshmyany - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of Napoleon's Grand Army.
• The Battle of Dovigony - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of the Great Army.
• The Battle of Kozyany - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of the Great Army.
• The Battle of Daugelishki - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of the Great Army.
• Battle of Karelichi - Platov's Cossack corps against Murat's cavalry.
• Platov’s actions in the rearguard - near the town of Mir, the Cossack ataman Platov defeats the Polish cavalry.
• Battle of Romanov - Platov enters the battle again.
• The battle on the Dvina River is the first clash between Wittgenstein’s corps and Oudinot.
• The Battle of Gross-Eykau is a battle between the Russian detachment of F. F. Leviz and the Prussian troops allied with France.
• Battle of Brest-Litovsk - battle of Tormasov's 3rd Western Army with the Saxon corps.
• The battle at Agoponovshchina - the rearguard of the 1st Western Army against the vanguard of the Great Army.
• The battle at Filipov is Wittgenstein's corps against Oudinot's corps.
• The battle at Salz - the 3rd Western Army against the Saxon corps.
• The Battle of Vilkomir is another holding battle won by the Russians.
• The Battle of Saltanovka - Davout defeats the Russian 7th Infantry Corps, repelling the attempts of Bagration's army to break through to Mogilev.
• The Battle of Ostrovno was a fierce three-day battle near Vitebsk between the rearguard of the 1st Western Army and the vanguard of Napoleon's Grand Army.
• Battle of Kobrin - Tormasov destroys the Saxon brigade.
• The Battle of Gorodechno - the Austro-Saxon army, using its double numerical superiority, defeats Tormasov's 3rd Western Army.
• The first battle of Krasnoye (see Battle of Smolensk (1812)) - Neverovsky’s division successfully repelled all attacks by the many times superior forces of the French cavalry.
• Battle of Yakubovo - Wittgenstein's Russian corps repels the attack of Oudinot's corps.
• Battle of Klyastitsy - Wittgenstein's corps defeats the superior forces of Oudinot's French corps.
• Battle of Boyarshchino - Oudinot's corps defeats Kulnev's detachment.
• The Battle of Golovshtice - Wittgenstein reflects Oudinot's attempt to build on the success after the victory over Kulnev.
• Battle of Smolensk (1812) - 15,000 Russians stop Napoleon's entire Grand Army (182,000 people), but abandon the city the next day due to fires.
• The battle at Valutina Mountain - in a bloody battle, Barclay de Tolly successfully repelled the attacks of the corps of Ney, Junot, Davout and Murat.
• The first battle near Polotsk (1812) - Saint-Cyr's corps defeats Wittgenstein's Russian corps and throws it back from the city of Polotsk, but does not dare to pursue it.
• The battle for Shevardino, see the Battle of Borodino - Napoleon, after a stubborn bloody battle, captures the Shevardino redoubt.
• The Battle of Borodino is the largest battle of the Patriotic War between the Russian and French armies, a tactical and strategic victory for Napoleon [ source not specified 788 days] .
• The Battle of Mesothene is a battle between Prussian and Russian troops. Having suffered defeat, the Russians retreated to Riga.
• Tarutino battle - Kutuzov defeats Murat's corps with an unexpected attack.
• Battle of Maloyaroslavets - Napoleon, in a stubborn battle, defeats the vanguard of Kutuzov’s army, but does not dare to give a general battle the next day and retreats.
• The second battle of Polotsk - Wittgenstein with 50,000 soldiers takes the city of Polotsk by storm, defeating the corps of Saint-Cyr.
• 1st battle for Volkovysk - the Russian corps of Sacken knocks out the Saxons from the city of Volkovysk.
• 2nd battle for Volkovysk - the Saxons under the command of Rainier with a successful attack force the Russians to leave Volkovysk.
• Battle of Chashniki - Wittgenstein's corps defeats Victor's corps
• Battle of Smolyany - Wittgenstein and Victor unsuccessfully fight for the village of Smolyany.
• The Battle of Vyazma (1812) was an unsuccessful attempt by Kutuzov with the forces of General Miloradovich to cut off and destroy Davout’s corps.
• The battle near Lyakhovo - a Russian partisan detachment forces the French Augereau brigade (2,000 people) to surrender.
• 1st battle for Borisov - the vanguard of Chichagov’s army inflicts a crushing defeat on Dombrowski’s Polish division and takes Borisov by storm.
• 2nd battle for Borisov - Oudinot defeats Chichagov's army and captures Borisov.
• The Battle of Krasnoye (Second Battle of Krasnoye) is a four-day battle between the main forces of the Russian and French armies. Kutuzov acts very carefully and allows the guard and Napoleon to leave unhindered to the west.
• The Battle of Kutkovo, see The Battle of Krasny-Roga with the Young Guard inflicts a crushing defeat on Ozharovsky’s Russian detachment.
• The battle for Uvarovo, see The Battle of Krasnoye - The Young Guard knocks out the Russians from the village of Uvarovo and repels the attacks of L. L. Bennigsen, but later retreats on Napoleon’s orders.
• Battle of the Berezina - Napoleon breaks out of the encirclement of 3 Russian armies to the west.
• The Battle of Molodechno is one of the last attempts by the French to delay the rapid pursuit of them by Russian troops.
• The Battle of Lyakhovka (see Battle of the Berezina) - the corps of Oudinot and Ney repelled the advance of Chichagov’s army, which was trying to prevent the Great Army from crossing the Berezina River.
• 3rd Battle of Borisov (see Battle of the Berezina) - Wittgenstein’s corps encircles and forces the rearguard of Victor’s corps, Partunno’s division, to capitulate.
• Battle of Studenka (see Battle of the Berezina) - Victor spends the entire day repelling attacks from superior Russian forces under the command of Wittgenstein, but is forced to withdraw in the evening.

1.3.2. War of the Sixth Coalition

• Battle of Arcy-sur-Aube

1.4. Other wars of the beginning of the century

1.4.1. Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)

• 1807 - Battle of Athos - naval battle off the Athos peninsula, victory of Senyavin’s squadron
• 1807 - Battle of the Arpachay River - on the territory of Armenia
• 1809 - Siege and assault on Brailov - an unsuccessful attempt to storm the Turkish fortress by inferior forces
• 1809 - Battle of Rassevat - Bagration’s capture of the Turkish fortress in Dobruja (now Romania)
• 1810 - Battle of Bazardzhik - Kamensky’s capture of the Turkish fortress in Bulgaria
• 1810 - Siege of Rushchuk - Kamensky’s unsuccessful attempt to take another Turkish fortress
• 1810 - Capture of Sukhum - by landing from a detachment of ships of the Black Sea Fleet
• 1810 - Battle of Bata - another victory for Kamensky
• 1810 - Capture of Akhalkalaki - a fortress in Georgia
• 1811 - Rushchuk-Slobodzeya operation - a series of battles after Kutuzov was made commander-in-chief of the Danube Army. (complete defeat of the Turks, but “not in numbers, but in skill”)

1.4.2. Russo-Swedish War 1808-1809

• 1808 - Battle of Revolax - encirclement and defeat of Russian troops, after which the Finnish partisan movement revived
• 1808 - Battle of Salmi - a difficult turning point two-day battle
• 1808 - Battle of Oravais - completion of the previous battle, strengthening of positions
• 1809 - Åland expedition - Bagration’s corps crossed the ice to the Åland Islands and recaptured them from the Swedes
• 1809 - Battle of Ratan - the final battle of the last Russian-Swedish war

1.4.3. Russo-Persian War 1826-1828

• Battle of Shamkhor - After the defeat, Abbas Mirza lifted the siege of Shushi

1.4.4. Crimean War 1853-1856

• Sinop
• Battle of Alma 1854 - defeat of Russian troops
• Battle of Balaklava 1854 - The Russians were unable to achieve their goal - to defeat the English camp and cut off the supply of English troops. The result of the battle was the Allies' abandonment of the idea of ​​capturing Sevastopol by storm and the transition to positional siege operations.

1.4.5. Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871

• Battle of Amiens - The Prussian army (45,000) defeated the French (25,000)
• Battle of Sedan

1.4.6. Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878

• 1877
  • Battle of Kyzyl-Tepe
  • Battle of Simnitz
  • Battle of Svistovo
  • Battle of Nicopolis
  • First Battle of Shipka Pass
  • Second Battle of Shipka Pass
  • Battle of Lovcha
  • Third Battle of Shipka Pass
  • Battle of Horni Dubnik
  • Battle of Kars
  • Siege of Plevna
• 1878
  • Fourth Battle of Shipka Pass
  • Battle of Plovdiv

1.5. 19th century, other

• 1898 - Battle of Omdurman - restoration of British control over Sudan

2. America

• 1856 - Battle of Rivas - victory of the Costa Ricans over the troops of William Walker.

Russia in wars ( XIX century).

Russian-Iranian War 1804-1813.

1) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

Iranian ruler : Abbas-Mirza.

2) Causes of the war:

a) Confrontation between Russia and Iran in the North. Caucasus.

b) Iran demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops from Transcaucasia.

3) Nature of the war:

from Russia – defensive,

on the part of Iran - aggressive.

4) Russian generals : P.P. Tsitsianov, P.S. Kotlyarevsky.

Iranian generals : Abbas-Mirza.

5) Strengths of the parties:

Russians 12 thousand people.

Persians 30 thousand people.

6 )

a) the offensive of Abbas Mirza’s army on Tiflis. June 1804

b) the battle of Etchmiadzin, July 1804.

c) the battle of Aslanduz, 1812.

d) battle near the Araks River, October 1812.

e) capture of Lankaran. 1813

7) 1813 – Gullistan Peace Treaty.

8 ) Results : a) Iran recognized the annexation of the North. Azerbaijan, Dagestan and Georgia

to Russia Meaning: Russia's position in the Caucasus strengthened after the war. This ensured peace in the Caucasus for 12 years and allowed Russia to pursue its policy there.

II ) Russian-Turkish War 1806-1812.

1) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

Turkish Sultan : Selim III(before 1808), Mahmud II (c 1808).

2) Causes:

a) Türkiye sought to return its former possessions to the North. Black Sea region and

in the Caucasus.

b) Russia’s influence in the Balkans was increasing, which, naturally, did not

the Turkish government liked it.

3) Occasion: a) Changes in the passage of Russian ships through the straits.

b) Change of rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia by the Turkish Sultan.

4) Nature of the war: aggressive.

5) Russian generals: P.I. Bagration, N.M. Kamensky, I.V. Gudovich,

D.N.Senyavin, M.I.Kutuzov (from the beginning of 1811).

6 ) Strengths of the parties: Russian Turks

7) Battles (events) during the war:

a) entry into the territory of the Danube principalities by the Russian Moldavian

army (com. Mekhelson), capture of the fortresses of Khotyn, Bendery, Akkerman,

Kiliya, (November-December 1806).

b) Battle of the Dardanelles, May 1807.

e) the capture by P.I. Bagration of the fortresses Isakcha, Turcha, Izmail, Brailov (with

August 1809

e) the battle of Batin, August 1810.

h) encirclement of the Turkish army near Slobodzia, November 1811.

Results: Bessarabia and a number of regions in Transcaucasia went to Russia.

Losses: Russians 100 thousand people.

Turks 125 thousand people.

9) Meaning: Russia's positions in the Caucasus were strengthened. By concluding a peace treaty before Napoleon's invasion of Russia, she managed to avoid a war on two fronts.

III ) Russian-Swedish war 1808-1809.

1) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

2) Causes:

a) Sweden sought to regain southern Finland.

b) Russia sought to establish control over Finnish and Bothnian

bays.

c) Since Russia was in a “continental blockade”, and Sweden

continued to trade with England, the threat of attack on the north loomed.

zap. country (St. Petersburg). Russia needed to protect its borders.

3) The nature of the war : aggressive.

4) Russian generals : F.F. Bukgeusden, N.M. Kamensky,

B.F. Knoring, P.I. Bagration, M.B. Barclay de Tolly.

5 ) Strengths of the parties: Russians 24 thousand people.

Swedes

6)

a) the beginning of hostilities, February 1808.

b) capture of Southern Central Finland, the Aland Islands,

O. Gotland, cities of Glesingfors, Tavasgust, Tamerfors, fortresses

Sveaborg (February-April 1808).

c) Battle of Kuortana, August 1808.

e) Bagration’s corps walked across the ice of the Gulf of Bothnia and occupied

7) September 1809 . – Treaty of Friedrichsham.

8) Results: a) Finland went to Russia.

b) Sweden dissolved the alliance with England and joined

"Continental blockade".

IV ) The war between Russia and France 1805-1807.

1 ) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

French Emperor : Napoleon I.

2 ) Causes:

a) France pursued an aggressive foreign policy and sought

dominance in Europe.

b) restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in France.

c) Russia’s entry into the 3rd anti-French coalition, which obliged

her to conduct combat operations.

3) Russian generals: M.I. Kutuzov, M.B. Barclay de Tolly,

P.I. Bagration, M.A. Miloradovich, F.F. Buxgeusden, L.L. Bennigsen.

French generals : Napoleon Bonaparte, Ney, Murat, Davout,

4) Events (battles) during the war:

a) the battle near the town of Shengraben.

7) Results:

a) Russia recognized all French conquests in Europe.

b) The Duchy of Warsaw was formed, which later became

a springboard for an attack on Russia.

c) Russia joined the Continental blockade.

d) Russia received freedom of action in relation to its opponents

(Türkiye, Iran, Sweden)

8) Meaning : Russia's entry into the anti-French coalition did not bring success. Once again the Allies were unable to resist Napoleon. In addition, relations between Russia and England became complicated due to the entry into the continental blockade.

V ) Patriotic War of 1812

1) Russian Emperor : Alexander I.

French Emperor : Napoleon I.

2) Causes:

a) Napoleon maintained large military forces in Poland

contrary to the terms of the Tilsit Peace Treaty.

b) Napoleon secretly supported the Turkish Sultan.

c) Napoleon needed to conquer Russia, and, having become the “master”

Europe, lead England to collapse.

3 ) Occasion. Russia's refusal of the continental blockade.

4) Strengths of the parties:

Russians 640 thousand. Human.

French 590 thousand people.

5) Russian generals : M.I. Kutuzov, M.B. Barclay de Tolly,

P.I.Raevsky, A.Ermolov, Paskevich, Konovnitsyn, Uvarov, A.P.Kulnev,

Wittgenstein, Chichagov, D.P. Neverovsky, D.S. Dokhturov, A.P. Tormasov.

French generals : Napoleon Bonaparte, Ney, Murat, Davout.

6) Nature of the war: liberating.

7) Events (battles) during the war:

a) near the village of Saltanovka.

b) near the town of Ostrovno.

g) Battle on the Chernysh River, beginning. October 1812

i) The Battle of Vyazma.

8 ) Meaning: As a result of the Patriotic War, the Russian people rallied in the name of saving their homeland. The war contributed to the growth of self-awareness. Napoleon's invincible army was defeated.

VI ) Foreign campaign of the Russian army in 1813.

1) Causes:

a) destruction of the remnants of Napoleonic army.

b) liberation of Europe,

2) Events (battles) during the war:

a) liberation of Prussia and Poland, January-April 1813.

c) the battle of Bautzen,

3) Congress of Vienna, October 1814

4) Results:

a) Most of Poland went to Russia.

b) the formation of the “Holy Alliance”.

c) restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in France.

VII ) Russian-Turkish War 1828-1829.

1 ) Ruler : Nikolay I.

2) Causes:

a) National liberation wars of the Balkan peoples.

b) Russia’s desire to control the straits,

c) Turkey’s aggressive policy towards the Slavic peoples,

d) Russian ships were detained by the Turkish government and

were subject to robbery.

Occasion . Assistance to the national liberation movement of the Balkans

peoples

3) Generality : P.Kh.Wittgenstein, I.F.Paskevich, I.I.Dibich, P.D.Kiselev.

4) Enemy forces:

Russians 180 thousand people

Turks 120 thousand people

5) Events (battles) during the war:

c) capture of Silistria, June 1829

d) crossing the Balkan Mountains,

6) September 1829 .- Treaty of Adrianople .

7) Results:

a) Russia received the mouth of the Danube with the adjacent islands.

b) In the Caucasus, the eastern coast of the Black Sea went to Russia

sea ​​from Anapa to Poti, as well as the territory of Akhaltsikhe

pashalyka.

c) The Bosporus and Dardanelles straits were declared free for

all foreign merchant ships.

d) Russian citizens received the right to freely trade in

territory of the Ottoman Empire.

e) Russia received the right to interfere in the affairs of the Balkan peoples.

8) Meaning:

a) Russia’s position in the Middle East has strengthened.

b) Russian-Turkish relations have stabilized.

c) Turkey’s advance (expansion) into the Caucasus stopped.

VIII ) Russian-Persian War 1826-1828.

1 ) Ruler : Nikolay I.

2) Causes:

Iran sought to take revenge and return the lost lands.

3) General: A.P. Ermolov, I.F. Paskevich, V.D. Madanov.

4) Strengths of the parties (beginning of the war):

Russians 12 thousand people

Turks 60 thousand people

5) Events (battles) during the war:

a) the invasion of the Turkish army of Abbas Mirza into the territory

Karabakh Khanate, summer 1826.

b) Battle of Shamkhor, September 1826.

c) capture of the Erivan fortress,

d) capture of the fortresses of Nakhichevan, Tabriz, Abbasabad, 1826-1827.

7) Results:

a) the Nakhichevan and Erivan khanates went to Russia.

IX ) Crimean War 1853-1856.

1) Ruler : Nikolay I.

2) Causes:

a) the struggle for dominance in the Black Sea.

b) England and France pushed Russia and Turkey towards war.

c) Reason: dispute over keys.

3) General: Paskevich, Gorchakov, P.S. Nakhimov, A.S. Menshikov, V.A.

Kornilov, V.I. Istomin.

4) Strengths of the parties:

Russians 80 thousand people.

Turks 150 thousand people.

5) Events (battles) during the war:

a) declaration of war on Russia, October 1853.

d) the battle for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, September 1854.

e) the battle of Kyuruk-Dara.

g) conclusion of the truce, February 1856.

7) Results:

a) Russia was prohibited from having a fleet in the Black Sea.

b) Türkiye regained Kars, part of Bessarabia, and the mouth of the Danube.

c) Russia lost the right to interfere in politics in the Balkans and

Middle East.

8) Meaning:

interfere in the affairs of the Balkan peoples, and therefore protect them.

X ) Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878.

1) Russian ruler : Alexander II.

Turkish Sultan: Abdul-Hamid II.

2 ) Causes:

a) national liberation wars, Slavic peoples,

those in need of Russian help.

b) Russia needed to regain lost positions in the world

arena.

3) The nature of the war : liberating.

4) Russian generals : M.D. Skobelev, M.I. Dragomirov,

N.P. Kridener, N.G. Stoletov, Yu.I. Schilder-Shuldner, I.V. Gurko,

Radetzky, Obruchev.

Turkish generals :

5) Events (battles) during the war:

a) the beginning of hostilities, April 1877.

b) capture of the Nikopol fortress.

6) February 19, 1878 .- Treaty of San Stefano .

7) Results:

a) Part of Bessarabia, Kars, Ardahan, Batum, Bayazet went to Russia.

b) Türkiye paid indemnity to Russia.

c) Serbia, Montenegro and Romania became independent and

expanded their borders.

d) Bosnia and Herzegovina received autonomy.

e) the Bulgarian Principality was created.

8) Meaning:

a) Russia has regained its lost positions in the Middle East and

The Balkans, and on the world stage. Reforms carried out in the 60-70s

led to the socio-economic growth of the country, allowed

Russia must fight at the proper level and defend its rights. This

the war accelerated the liberation of the Balkan peoples from Turkish

dominion.

During the 19th century, a huge number of important events took place in the Russian Empire. During these hundred years, the state changed several emperors. If at the beginning of the 19th century Paul I ruled, then at the end it was Nicholas II. During this period, serfdom was abolished, and the monarchy weakened so much that communist ideals began to gain increasing popularity, which allowed the Bolsheviks to come to power at the beginning of the next century. In many ways, the wars of the 19th century in Russia contributed to the decline in the authority of the ruling dynasty. In some of them the state managed to win, in others it had to suffer defeats. However, in most of them it suffered significant human and material losses.

Wars of the 19th century in Russia: background

The century in question was characterized by much intrigue and conflict on the world stage. The most tense relations between the Russian Empire and Turkey were during this period. Each state sought to expand its land and sea borders. Over this century, Russia has managed to become one of the leaders in the international arena. European states began to monitor its rise more and more closely.

Reasons for the confrontation

Consideration of the wars of the 19th century in Russia allows us to understand the country's foreign policy of that period. During this time, the country managed to participate in many international conflicts. We can distinguish 15 wars of the 19th century in Russia. Of these, she was defeated in three. These are the wars of the Third and Fourth Coalitions. The first occurred in 1805, the second in 1806-1807. The third defeat is the Crimean War. It lasted from 1853 to 1856. There was a draw in the Anglo-Russian war. Thus, the 19th century was quite successful for Russia.

Brief description of achievements

During this period, our power won 11 wars. Among them:

• Russian-Persian War. It lasted from 1804 to 1813. Its main goal was to strengthen the position of the Russian Empire in Transcaucasia. During the war, there was a protracted confrontation between the two sides in Northern Azerbaijan. It ended with the signing of the Gulistan Peace Treaty.
• 1806-1812 The corresponding section will be devoted to it.
• Russian-Swedish war. It lasted two years - from 1808 to 1809. One of the following sections of this article is also devoted to it.
• War of the Fifth Coalition. It happened in 1809.
• Patriotic War of 1812. As a result, Napoleon's army was practically destroyed. It was during this that the famous Battle of Borodino took place.
• War of the Sixth Coalition. It happened in 1813-1814.
• Russian-Persian War. It was connected with the need to repel aggression provoked by England. Ended with the signing of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty.
• Russian-Turkish war. It lasted from 1828 to 1829. Russia sought to strengthen its position in the Balkan region and establish control over the Bosporus and Dardanelles.
• Polish uprising of 1830. It is sometimes called the Russian Civil War of the 19th century. As a result, the Polish kingdom was declared part of Russia. The national liberation movement in Right Bank Ukraine was suppressed.
• Polish uprising of 1863. The gentry was not happy with the order established by the Russian Empire on the former lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The uprising was also suppressed. The policy of the Russian Empire became even more anti-Polish. Executions and reprisals were carried out against the rebels.
• Russian-Turkish war. It lasted from 1877 to 1878. Russia sought to restore its influence over Turkey. Ended with the signing of the Peace of Saint-Stephen. Subsequently, it was adjusted by the Berlin Congress not in favor of Russia, although the latter won the war.

1806-1812

The main goal of the first Russian-Turkish war was to strengthen positions in the Transcaucasus and the Balkan region. The reason for it was the violation by the Ottoman Empire of agreements on transfers in government bodies in Wallachia and Moldova. In addition, there was a threat of invasion by the Napoleonic army. All this led to the fact that Russia needed to quickly resolve the issue with the southern lands. In 1806, Russia occupied several Turkish fortresses without a fight and defeated the fleet. In 1809, the first attempt to conclude peace was made. However, the conditions were not to the liking of Alexander I. Therefore, the war continued. Kutuzov managed to win it. The Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 ended with the signing of the Bucharest Peace Treaty with the Ottoman Empire. However, it was short-lived.

Already in 1828, the Sublime Porte announced that it was no longer dependent on Russia. Moreover, she emphasized that she prohibits the latter from entering the Bosphorus. Since Russian troops were in Bessarabia at that time, the first military operations began there. And again the Russians won. But this did not stop the Ottoman Empire from new conflicts with them.

Russian-Swedish War of 1808-1809

Each side sought to individually control the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia. This is the last of the Russian-Swedish wars. In it, Russia was supported by states such as France and Denmark. It lasted six months and three weeks. assigned new territories to the Russian Empire. It included the Grand Duchy of Finland.

During the years 1801–1881, the Russian Empire fought almost continuously. Russia's wars in the 19th century were fought, as a rule, over the annexation of new territories or over the distribution of spheres of influence. The only exceptions were the Patriotic War of 1812 and partly the Crimean War.

Napoleonic Wars

In the first 15 years of the 19th century, European countries formed Anti-Napoleonic coalitions seven times, and Russia participated in four of them: the third, fourth, sixth and seventh. Participation in the War of the Third Coalition brought Russia defeat at Austerlitz, and after the War of the Fourth Coalition, Russia was forced to enter into an unfavorable alliance with Napoleon. In 1812, Napoleon, who had conquered almost all of Europe, attacked Russia along with his allies. The Russian campaign lasted only six months and ended in a crushing defeat for the French. Napoleon was forced to flee Russia and form a new army in France. The Russian Tsar, in turn, organized the Sixth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition, which destroyed Napoleonic France and returned to power the Bourbon dynasty, overthrown in 1790. As a result of the Congress of Vienna, which determined the principles of the post-war structure of Europe, Russia became one of the four guarantors of the inviolability of European borders.

Conquest of the Caucasus

Russian troops first came to the Caucasus back in the 18th century, and Russian possessions in Transcaucasia appeared in 1801. However, it is believed that the Caucasian War began only in 1817, when Ermolov became commander of the Caucasian army. At that time, there were several dozen small states in the Caucasus. Some of them were vassals of Turkey and Persia, others were completely independent. Ermolov and his successors one by one resubordinated the Caucasian khanates to the Russian crown. The most bloody episode of the Caucasian War was the conquest of Chechnya and part of Dagestan, which lasted about twenty years. The leader of the highlanders, Imam Shamil, was captured in 1859. The conquest of Circassia lasted even longer: it finally became part of Russia only in 1864. Its inclusion into Russia is considered the last episode of the Caucasian War, Russia’s longest war in the 19th century. Its events were reflected in the works of Pushkin, Lermontov and Tolstoy.

Crimean War

The Crimean War lasted relatively short, but had a huge impact on the geopolitical position of Russia. In 1853, Russia began military operations against Turkey, but its creditors, England and France, unexpectedly sided with Turkey. Equipped with the latest technology, the Allied armies attacked strategically important Russian ports, and in 1855, after a grueling siege, they took Sevastopol. As a result of the Crimean War, Russia lost the right to a navy in the Black Sea. The defeat in the Crimean War pushed Russia to large-scale internal reforms.

Russo-Turkish War 1877–1878

In 1877, Russia again declared war on Turkey. The reason for this was the infringement of the rights of the Orthodox population in the European part of the empire. The Russian troops that entered the Balkans were joined by rebel units of Romanian, Bulgarian and Serbian patriots. As a result of the Russian-Turkish war, two new states appeared in the Balkans: Romania and Bulgaria, and Serbia and Montenegro turned from vassal principalities into independent monarchies. The Treaty of San Stefano, which ended the war, deprived Turkey of almost all its possessions in Europe. However, six months later, the Berlin Conference returned Albania, as well as parts of Rumelia and Macedonia, to the Ottoman Empire. Russia has regained its great power status, lost after the Crimean War.

This was Russia's last war in the 19th century. Three years after the Berlin Conference, Alexander III ascended the throne. Under him, Russia did not wage wars, although it continued to build up its military potential. In the 20th century, even greater upheavals awaited Russia.

History of Russia 19th century – video