Union and non-union connections are examples. Complex sentence with different types of communication

To correctly formulate and present their own thoughts, schoolchildren and adults need to learn how to correctly place semantic accents in written speech. If in life we ​​often use simple constructions, then in writing we use complex sentences with different types of connections. Therefore, it is important to know the features of their construction.

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Classification

What are the types of connection between sentences? used in Russian :

• coordinating with and without conjunctions, when the components of the syntactic structure are independent and equal in relation to each other;
• subordinate connection, non-union and allied, when one part of the structure is main and the second is dependent;
• conjunction, coordinating and subordinating, expressed using coordinating or subordinating conjunctions and allied words;

Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, therefore they have more than two grammatical stems. When you meet them, don’t be surprised and remember that there can be not only 2 or 3 parts, but on average up to 10-15. They constantly combine different types of communication.

Main types of complex sentences with examples:

1. Non-union.
2. Complex.
3. Complex sentences.
4. Designs with different types of connections.

An example of a non-union connection: The wind drives the clouds to the edge of heaven, the broken spruce groans, the winter forest whispers something.

It is necessary to note the main feature of constructions with coordinating connection. The function of a coordinating connection is to show the equality of parts within a complex sentence, which is done using intonation and the use of coordinating conjunctions. Non-union communication can also be used.

How are compound sentences constructed? examples with diagrams :

The sky cleared of hanging clouds - and the bright sun came out.

The fields were empty, the autumn forest became dark and transparent.

Sentences of the fourth type usually consist of three or more parts, which are connected to each other in different ways. To better understand the meaning of such constructions, how to learn how complex sentences with different types of connections are constructed and grouped. Often sentences are divided into several blocks, connected without a union or using a coordinating connection, with each part representing a simple or complex sentence.

Dependent parts may have different semantic meanings, based on this Complex sentences are divided into several groups.

Definitive

They serve to characterize and reveal the attribute of the defined noun from the main sentence. They are joined using and: where, where, where, which, what. They are found only inside the main one or after it. You can ask questions about them: which one?, whose?

Examples:

How oppressively hot it is in those hours when the afternoon hangs in silence and heat.

For a long time he admired, smiling, his capricious beloved daughter, who was lost in thought, not noticing anything around her.

Explanatory

Refer to words that have the meaning of thoughts (reflect), feelings (sad), speech (answered, said) in order to reveal in detail the meaning of the main word, clarify, supplement. These also include demonstrative words - that, that, then, to which the dependent clause is attached. They are connected by conjunctions that, in order, as if, as if.

Examples:

The guy quickly realized that his friend’s parents were not particularly smart, and thought through a further strategy.

This could be seen from the fact that he drove his cart around the yard several times until he discovered the hut.

Circumstantial

Relate to or to words that have adverbial meaning. Let's name their varieties and ways of joining the main word:

• time, specify the period of time when the action is performed, subordinating temporary conjunctions are used for communication: when, until what time (When talking about the war, the stranger lowered his head and thought);
• places, talking about the place, are connected to the main word by allied adverb words: where, where, from where (The leaves, wherever you looked, were yellow or golden);
• conditions that reveal under what circumstances this or that action is possible, are joined by subordinate conjunctions: if, if..., then. They can start with particles - so, then (If it rains, then the tent will need to be moved higher);
• degree, specifies the measure or degree of action I, who are in question, can be asked questions: to what extent? to what extent? (The rain stopped so quickly that the ground did not have time to get wet.);
• goals, communicate what purpose the action is pursuing and are connected by goal conjunctions: so that, so that (In order not to be late, he decided to leave early);
• reasons, conjunction is used to join - because(He did not complete the task because he was ill);
• mode of action, indicate exactly how the action was performed, are joined by subordinating conjunctions: as if, as if, exactly (The forest was covered in snow, as if someone had bewitched it);
• consequences serve to clarify the result of an action; you can ask them the question - as a consequence of what? Join the union - So(The snow shone more and more brightly in the sun, so that my eyes hurt);
• concessions, alliances are used to join them: let, although, despite. Conjunctive words (how, how many) with the particle neither (No matter how hard you try, but without knowledge and skills nothing will work) can be used.

Constructing sentence diagrams

Let's consider what a proposal scheme is. This is a graphical drawing showing the structure proposals in a compact form.

Let's try to create sentence diagrams that contain two or more subordinate clauses. To do this, let's look at examples with different inflected parts of speech.

Complex sentences can consist of several subordinate clauses, which have different relationships with each other.

There are the following types of connection between sentences:

• homogeneous or associative;
• parallel (centralized);
• sequential (chain, linear).

Homogeneous

Characterized by the following signs:

• all subordinate clauses can be attributed to the entire main word or to one of the words;
• subordinate clauses are identical in meaning and answer the same question;
• coordinating conjunctions are connected or a non-union connection is used;
• The intonation during pronunciation is enumerative.

Examples and linear sentence diagrams:

I noticed how the stars began to blur (1), how a light breeze of coolness swept by (2).

, (how how…).

Sometimes subordinate clauses are represented by a cascade of explanatory sentences, depending on one word located in the main part:

It is unknown where she lived (1), who she was (2), why the Roman artist painted her portrait (3) and what she was thinking about in the painting (4).

, (where...), (who...), (why...) and (about what...).

Parallel

Such complex sentences have subordinate clauses with different meanings, belonging to several types

Here are examples of sentences with diagrams:

When our boat sailed from the ship to the shore, we noticed that women and children began to run away from the settlement.

(When that…).

Here two subordinate clauses depend on the main sentence: tense and explanatory.

Constructions can create a chain, which can be depicted in the diagram as follows:

In some places there were crowded houses, the color of which was similar to the surrounding rocks, so that you had to be closer to distinguish them.

, (which...), (that...), (to...).

It is also possible another variant when one sentence is inside another. Sometimes constructions are combined, connecting with one subordinate clause inside another.

At first the blacksmith was terribly frightened when the devil raised him so high that nothing was visible below, and rushed under the moon itself so that he could have caught it with his hat.

, (when..., (what...), and...), (what...).

Used in sentences various punctuation marks:

• comma, example: The sister-in-law’s final remark ended on the street, where she had gone to do her urgent business;
• semicolon: Some time later, everyone in the village was fast asleep; only a month hung high in the luxurious Ukrainian sky;
• colon: It happened like this: at night the tank got stuck in a swamp and drowned;
• dash: Dense hazel bushes will block your path; if you get hurt on the thorny thorns, go forward stubbornly.

Sequential

Simple structures are connected to one another along a chain:

There is a known knot on a tree trunk on which you place your foot when you want to climb an apple tree.

, (on which...), (when...).

Determination procedure

What plan is used to determine the types of connections between sentences in writing? We offer a step-by-step guide that is suitable for any occasion:

• read the proposal carefully;
• highlight all grammatical basics;
• divide the structure into parts and number them;
• find allied words and conjunctions, if they are absent, take into account the intonation;
• determine the nature of the connection.

​If available two independent parts, then this is a sentence with a coordinating connection. When one sentence states the reason for what is being discussed in another, it is a complex sentence with subordination.

Attention! Subordinate constructions can be replaced with participial phrases. Example: Silent lightning flashed here and there across the black sky, dotted with myriads of small stars.

Learning Russian - complex sentences with different types of connections

Types of communication in complex sentences

Conclusion

The types of connections between sentences depend on their classification. They use . The schemes are very diverse, there are many interesting options. Graphic drawing of proposal allows you to quickly determine construction and sequence of all components, highlight the basics, find the main thing and place punctuation marks correctly.

Complex sentences allow you to convey voluminous messages about several situations or phenomena, making speech more expressive and informative. Most often, complex sentences are used in works of art, journalistic articles, scientific works, and official business texts.

What is a complex sentence?

Difficult sentence - a sentence that consists of two or more grammatical bases is an intonationally formed semantic unity expressing a certain meaning. Depending on the relationship of the parts, complex sentences with coordinating subordinating and non-conjunctive connections are distinguished.

Complex sentences with coordinating connections

Compound Sentences - conjunctional sentences, which consist of equal parts connected by a coordinating connection. Parts of complex sentences are combined into one whole using coordinating, adversative or disjunctive conjunctions. In writing, a comma is placed before the conjunction between parts of a compound sentence.

Examples of compound sentences: The boy shook the tree, and ripe apples fell to the ground. Katya went to college, and Sasha stayed at home. Either someone called me, or it seemed like it.

Complex sentences with subordinating connections

Complex sentences - conjunctional sentences consisting of unequal parts that are connected by a subordinating connection. In complex sentences, there is a main part and a dependent (subordinate) part. Parts of the dictionary are connected to each other using conjunctions and allied words. In writing, between parts of a complex sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction (conjunctive word).

Examples of complex sentences: He picked a flower to give to his mother. Those present were wondering where Ivan Petrovich came from. Misha went to the store his friend was talking about.

Usually you can pose a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause. Examples: I came home (when?) when everyone had already sat down to dinner. We learned about (what?) what happened yesterday.

Complex sentences with non-conjunction connections

Unconjunct complex sentences are sentences whose parts are connected only with the help of intonation, without the use of conjunctions and allied words.

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Examples of complex sentences with non-conjunctive connections between parts: The music started playing, the guests started dancing. It will be frosty in the morning - we won’t go anywhere. Tanya turned around: a tiny kitten was huddled against the wall.

A comma, dash, colon or semicolon can be placed between parts of non-union complex sentences (depending on what meaning the parts of the BSP express).

Complex sentences with different types of connections

Mixed complex sentences can include several clauses connected to each other by coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections. In writing, in mixed complex sentences, the punctuation characteristic of complex, complex and non-union sentences is observed.

Examples: Vitya decided that if the teacher asked him to answer a question, he would have to admit that he had not prepared for the lesson. On the right hung a painting depicting a blooming garden, and on the left there was a table with carved legs. The weather worsened: a strong wind rose and it began to rain, but it was warm and dry in the tent.

If complex sentences within a mixed sentence form logical-syntactic blocks, a semicolon is placed between such blocks. Example: On the porch, a sparrow was pecking at grains that grandmother accidentally scattered; At this time, dad came out, and the bird quickly flew away.

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Complex sentences (CSS) are syntactic constructions containing two or more simple sentences, connected by a subordinating relationship and connected by appropriate conjunctions. The subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is of several types, depending on the semantic relationships between its structural elements.

How to define a subordinating relationship

In order to identify sentences with a subordinate connection, you need to check them for compliance with the following parameters:

• two or more simple sentences that represent unequal parts: one is the main one, the second is the subordinate clause;
• there is a subordinating conjunction or allied word;
• in writing, its parts are separated by a comma.

In the IPP, from the main part to the subordinate part, you can pose a question. The type of connection depends on it. Examples: “We were unable to receive instructions on time (why?) because we were very tired and went home early,” “When I need help, I will turn to the right sources (when?).”

Connection in a phrase

Useful video: what are complex sentences

Means of subordinating communication

Parts of a sentence are connected using subordinating conjunctions: while, as, if, so that, since, as if and many others. Each union expresses a certain type of relationship that differs in meaning.

Sometimes, to connect the main and dependent parts, other linguistic means are used - allied words, which include:

• relative: who, what, which, etc.;
• relative pronominal adverbs: why, how, when, etc.

Conjunctive words and conjunctions that express different semantic relationships are presented in the table:

A conjunction and a connecting word are elements that connect parts of a complex sentence. In the schematic representation, the conjunction belongs to the subordinate clause, it is not a member of the sentence.

Attention! The conjunction word not only connects two structural elements, but also plays a syntactic role in the subordinate clause.

For example: “There are no events that could be changed.” In this example, the word “which” is not a conjunction, but a conjunction word.

Types of subordination

A complex sentence may have more than one dependent part. They communicate with each other in different ways. Depending on this, the following types of subordination are distinguished:

• homogeneous;
• parallel;
• sequential;
• combined.

Each type has its own characteristics and differs from the others in certain characteristics.

Types of subordinating connections

Homogeneous and parallel

A homogeneous connection is formed provided that all dependent parts belong to the main one or belong to the same type. For example: “It seemed to me that I saw daylight, that I heard strange sounds, that I felt cold.”

Three subordinate clauses in this example answer one question and relate to the main one according to one characteristic. They refer to the same word and belong to the same species. In this case, all dependent elements are of the same type and answer the same question.

Parallel subordination occurs in constructions in which one of the conditions of homogeneity is not met.

For example, subordinate clauses can refer to the same word, but answer different questions. For example: “When I finished reading the book, it was difficult to understand (when? what?) what exactly I felt for its characters”, “When a storm was raging outside the window, I read a book (when?, which one?), which talked about story that happened to the children when they were relaxing in the forest with their parents.”

Homogeneous connection

Sequential and combined

Sequential subordination is connections in a sentence in which the dependent parts are interconnected by a “chain”, i.e. that is, each subsequent element depends on the previous one. They are defined as subordinate clauses of varying degrees. For example: “Maxim saw a film (which one?), where the actor (which one?) played, whom he loved (when?), when he was a child (which one?), who was in love with pictures about heroes.”

In this example, the second clause depends on the first, the third on the second, and the fourth on the third. Questions in such sentences are asked sequentially from one part to the next. They can be different and express different semantic relationships.

In combined subordination, all types of subordination are used: parallel, sequential, and homogeneous are mixed. This is typical for long structures with a large number of dependent ones. For example: “Yesterday I was so tired that I couldn’t understand whether my head hurt from the weather or from being overwhelmed at work.” In this example, two types of communication are used: sequential and homogeneous submission.

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Difficult sentence. Types of Complex Sentences

In addition to simple sentences, complex sentences are often used in speech, with the help of which we express thoughts in more detail, connecting them with each other.

Complex sentences are sentences consisting of two or more simple clauses. Simple sentences as part of a complex sentence do not have intonation completeness, do not have their own purpose of utterance and are combined in meaning and pronunciation into one whole.

The storm has already subsided, the wind has weakened.

As it comes back, so will it respond.

The frost was terrible, but the apple trees survived.

Simple sentences are combined into complex ones in two main ways. In allied complex sentences, parts are combined using intonation and conjunctions (or allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs). In non-union complex sentences, parts are combined only with the help of intonation (without conjunctions or allied words).

The sun is shining over the lake, and the glare is blinding your eyes(union).

Sentences with conjunctions and allied words are divided into two groups: complex sentences, complex sentences.

Compound sentences are those in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.

June turned out to be hot, and the windows in the houses were opened wide at night.

The fur coat was moth-eaten, but the mittens were like new.

Complex sentences are those in which one of the sentences is subordinate in meaning to another and is connected with it by a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. An independent sentence as part of a complex sentence is called the main one, and a dependent sentence, subordinate to the main one in meaning and grammatically, is called a subordinate clause.

If you're in Myshkin(adverbial clause), go to the Efimkins(The main thing).

I want to find a pebble(The main thing), which you don't have(adverbial clause).

Complex sentences with various types of allied and non-union connections

If a complex sentence consists of three or more parts, then some of them can be connected using coordinating conjunctions, others - using subordinating conjunctions, and others - without conjunctions. Such a sentence is called a complex sentence with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.

There was no one too strong vice in me that would have stood out more clearly than all my other vices, there was no picture-perfect virtue in me that could have given me some kind of picture-perfect appearance, but instead, in me there was a collection of all possible nasty things, a little bit of each, and in such a multitude that I have never seen before in any person. (N.V. Gogol).

(This is a complex sentence consisting of six simple ones, the parts of which are connected by subordinating, coordinating and non-conjunctive connections.)

In which there is a subordinating or coordinating connection, they differ significantly from similar phrases and simple sentences. Further in the article we will consider the main differences between the mentioned structures.

General information

If we talk about phrases and simple sentences, then it is fair to note that the subordinating relationship can only appear in the first version, while the coordinating type is more often used in the second. In the latter case, the task of transformation into a common construction is performed, creating series of homogeneous terms. In complex structures, coordinating and subordinating connections do not have such sharp differences. This is due to the fact that the same statement can be formulated using conjunctions of both types.

First difference

The use of composition and subordination helps to identify the semantic relationships that exist in simple and complex formulations. At the same time, there is a difference in the very structure of the utterance. Thus, the coordinating connection does not create such clear boundaries. When using the second type of connection, parts of the utterance are highlighted, indicating the need to pay more attention to a certain fragment of the message.

Thus, we can say that the conjunctions used in different versions differ in how they reveal connections in expressions. In the case of a subordinate relationship, such types of relationships as concessional, conditional-effect and cause-and-effect take on an unambiguous form. Moreover, they are expressed by conjunctions “although”, “because”, “if”. A coordinating connection in a sentence allows you to use the same conjunction. It is represented by the connecting element “and”. But there are situations when the coordinating conjunctions “a” and “but,” which are usually considered contrastive, can give the statement a connotation of concession, condition, consequence, comparison and contrast. In expressions that have the form of an incentive, conjunctions can create a condition in the message, which in a subordinating clause is expressed by the elements “if (the particle “not” is allowed instead)... then.” Some interaction is found between composition and submission due to the fact that they cannot be considered absolutely opposite concepts.

Second difference

In complex constructions, coordinating connection is an important independent element. But in simple structures its task is to determine the relationships between members of a homogeneous sequence. In addition, a coordinating connection is included in a simple construction in order to enrich the statement with additional members. This is how it is transformed into a widespread one. In multi-part structures, coordinating communication is more important.

Third difference

If we compare subordination and composition with non-union, then the last two types of connection have much in common. This is explained by the semantic relationship within the structure. Thus, the coordinating connection reveals them in expression to a lesser extent. However, let's compare them in more detail. Coordinating communication is not only a syntactic, but also a lexical way of interaction. Thus, the relationships that arise between phrases do not have a specific meaning, but only receive a certain characteristic. Coordinating conjunctions can also be combined with subordinating and various lexical elements. In this case, various syntactic structures are created. As examples of a conjunction, we can cite various combinations of auxiliary parts of speech “and”, “here”, “a”, “well”, “therefore”, “therefore”, “means”. Subordinating conjunctions do not need additions, since they themselves can create clear boundaries for semantic segments.

Special cases

If a coordinating or non-union connection does not allow one to fully study the relationships that exist in these sentences, then it is necessary to turn to additional factors. They can be the general structure of the statement, as well as the introductory words, particles, various pronouns, and phrases present in it. In addition, moods and tense forms can highlight individual parts and indicate their features. In allied constructions, the meaning of condition and consequence manifests itself more noticeably when there is an interaction between the imperative mood in the first sentence (in the case of a complex formulation, this means its main part) and other moods or other forms of tense found in the second element (in the subordinate clause).

Fourth difference

In complex sentences, the subordinating relationship is less multifaceted than in phrases and simple phrases. There are cases when part of the meaning of a complex structure formed from a set of simple ones is not realized. This may be due to the fact that there is likely to be a contradiction in the meaning of the subordinating conjunction, as well as its complete change. An example would be the connector "when". It is used in subordinating clauses. Its main value is the time indicator. However, if the main part of the sentence describes any feelings, emotions or someone’s state, then this union can turn from temporary into investigative. When something is evaluated in a subordinate clause, trying to determine importance or significance, the “when” element acquires the target meaning. In addition, this union may have a comparative meaning and carry an indication of inconsistency.