Standardization of kelp thalli is carried out according to content. Laminaria thallus - seaweed (Laminaria saccharina in pulveris)

LAMINARIAE TALLI

Sea kale.

PJSC "LIKTRAVI"

Description

Laminaria is a brown thallus consisting of a ribbon-shaped plate, a trunk and rhizoids at the base. The thallus plate is undissected, 2–6 meters long (sometimes up to 12 m) and 10–35 cm wide. The trunk is 3–70 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter. Sporangia (organs of asexual reproduction) develop more often on one side of the plate.

Compound

Laminaria thalli contain salts of alginic acid (up to 25%), laminarin (up to 20%), mannitol (up to 30%), l-fructose (up to 4%), fiber (5-6%), protein substances (approximately 9%) , vitamins (A, B1, B2, B12, C and D), macro- and microelements(iodine - 2.7 - 3%, bromine - 0.02-0.9%, potassium, sodium, calcium, manganese, copper, cobalt, boron, arsenic).

pharmachologic effect

Laminaria thallus, due to the ability of polysaccharides to swell, act as an irritant on the receptors of the intestinal mucosa and promote its emptying. The therapeutic effect of seaweed is due to its high iodine content. It is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism, mild forms of Graves' disease, for the prevention of endemic goiter, atherosclerosis. Preparations from the kelp thallus help remove radionuclides from the body.

general information

Laminaria belongs to brown algae. There are about 30 species of this plant. Japanese and sugar laminaria are used in medicine. The kelp plate has a greenish-brown color; it can be whole or dissected, as well as wrinkled or smooth, depending on the species. The plate grows throughout the year, then it collapses, and a new one grows in its place.

Laminaria algae, the thalli of which can reach up to 13 m in length, are common in the seas of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. The plant is especially common in Pacific Ocean.

Procurement of raw materials

There are two ways to harvest kelp thalli. In the first case, they are caught at a depth of about 5 m, in the second, plants washed ashore by the tide are used.

Before drying, the thallus should be washed thoroughly in sea water, cleaning it from sand and salt in this way. The raw materials are prepared for drying by removing rhizoids and rough petioles. Lay out the kelp thallus on cardboard or wooden flooring thin layer and leave to dry in the sun. After drying, a white coating appears on the surface of the kelp. Dried raw materials can be stored for up to 3 years. At enterprises it is dried in industrial dryers.

There is another way to store kelp - freezing. To do this, the algae is cleaned of dirt, chopped and placed in containers. Shelf life - six months.

Medicinal properties

Application of kelp thalli

The beneficial properties of kelp are due to the iodine content, which is necessary for thyroid disorders.

In folk medicine, as well as in official medicine, as a laxative. The plant, entering the intestines, swells and acts as an irritant to the mucous membrane. Therefore, thalli are recommended for constipation. Also ethnoscience advises taking kelp for anemia and atherosclerosis.

Official medicine, due to its iodine content, recommends kelp in the following situations:

In case of malfunction of the thyroid gland.
In case of ovarian dysfunction, to normalize the menstrual cycle.
To activate the gastrointestinal tract.
For the prevention of cancer.
For the purpose of removing radionuclides when living in areas with high level radiation.
To improve tissue regeneration in wounds, bedsores, etc., as well as to protect them from infection.
For atherosclerosis.

Based on the thalli of kelp, preparations are made that reduce arterial pressure. Laminaria thallus are recommended for weight loss. The plant is also actively used in dentistry.

Laminaria thallus in cosmetology

Laminaria thallus are used in cosmetology: both in specialized salons and at home. have a rejuvenating effect. They are suitable for any skin type, perfectly cleanse and saturate with vitamins.

Kelp thallus is also used to stimulate hair growth. Algae-based masks nourish the roots and strengthen the hair.

Effective anti-cellulite wraps are made from kelp thalli.

Contraindications for use

Laminaria thallus, the benefits and harms of which are actively discussed by experts, have some contraindications. First of all, people with individual sensitivity to iodine, various inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity, nephrosis, nephritis, acne, and furunculosis should be careful.

Taking kelp for children under 12 years of age, as well as during pregnancy and breastfeeding not recommended due to lack of clinical data.

Based on materials:

1. Maznev N. I. golden book medicinal plants / N. I. Maznev. - 15th ed., add. - M.: LLC "ID RIPOL Classic", LLC Publishing House "DOM. XXI century", 2008. - 621 p.
2. Maznev N.I. Herbalist / N.I. Maznev. - M.: Gamma Press 2000 LLC, 2001. - 512 p. from illus.
3. Tovstukha E. S. Phytotherapy / E. S. Tovstukha. - K.: Zdorovya, 1990. - 304 p., ill., 6.55 arc. ill.
4. Chukhno T. Great encyclopedia medicinal plants / T. Chukhno. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 1024 p.

The information is provided for informational purposes and should not be used for self-medication.

Date of publication: 08/12/2015

Updated: 09/30/2019

Medicinal plants and herbal preparations indicated in the material

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Thallus kelp-thalli laminariae
- laminaria saccharina (l.) Lam.
Japanese kelp- laminaria japonica aresch.
Sem. Laminaria- laminariaceae
Other names: seaweed

Sea kelp, the thallus (thallus) of which consists of a plate, a “trunk” and rhizoids.
Plate belt-shaped, green-brown, lanceolate or linear in shape, 2-6 m long (sometimes up to 12 m), 10-35 cm wide, half the width of the plate is occupied by a median strip delimited by longitudinal folds.

The plate at the bottom goes in the “trunk” - a petiole 3-70 cm long and ends with root-like formations - rhizoids, with which the plant is attached to the rocky soil (Fig. 4.30.). The entire plant is permeated with mucous passages and lacunae.
Reproduces by spores, after the formation of spores, the kelp dies.
Lifespan kelp from 2 to 4 years depending on climatic conditions.
Containers of dispute(sporangia) ripen from July to October.
From spores develop microscopic female or male growths that form sex cells - gametes.
From an egg after fertilization, a spore-bearing plant appears - the kelp itself.
Harvesting of thalli is allowed other species (digitata kelp - L. digitata (L.) Edmon.).

Spreading

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Spreading. Japanese kelp grows along the shores of the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk; In the White, Barents and Kara seas, sugary kelp and palmate kelp grow.

Habitat. They form extensive thickets in coastal zones of seas and oceans in places with constant movement of water, near open shores. On rocks, rocks, at a depth of 2 to 25 (35) m. Dense and extensive underwater “algae forests” are formed at a depth of 4-10 m.

Medicinal raw materials

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External signs

Whole raw materials

Thallus Japanese kelp - dense, leathery, ribbon-like plates, folded lengthwise, without stems, or pieces of plates at least 15 cm long, at least 7 cm wide. The thickness of the plates is at least 0.03 cm; the edges of the plates are solid and wavy. The thallus of Laminaria saccharide are dense, leathery, wrinkled leaf-like plates without stems or pieces thereof at least 10 cm long and at least 5 cm wide. The thickness of the plates is at least 0.03 cm. The edges of the plates are wavy. Plates with breaks at the edges and in the middle are allowed.
Color whole thalli from light olive to dark olive or greenish-brown, red-brown, sometimes greenish-black; the outside of the thallus is covered with a white coating of salts.
Smell peculiar.
Taste brackish.

Shredded raw materials

Strips of thallus 0.2-0.4 cm wide, at least 0.03 cm thick.
Color from light olive to dark olive, greenish-brown, red-brown, sometimes greenish-black; outside, the strips of thalli are covered with a white coating of salts.
Smell peculiar.
Taste brackish.

Crushed raw materials

Pieces of thalli various shapes passing through a sieve with holes 3 mm in diameter. The color is dark gray with a greenish tint. The smell is peculiar. The taste is salty.

Microscopy

When examining the thalli from the surface, an “epidermis” is visible, consisting of small, almost square cells with thick walls, through which numerous round mucous receptacles are visible.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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Preparation. Best time procurement - from June to September. Thallus washed ashore after a storm or from boats is collected by wrapping it around special poles. Sometimes they use special braids. The raw materials are used fresh and dried in the sun. The pharmacy receives kelp in packs, crushed into coarse powder.

Security measures. The thickets are restored after 2 years. Regionalization of workpieces is recommended.

Standardization. GF XI, issue. 2, Art. 83 and Amendment No. 1.

Storage. In a dry place. Shelf life up to 3 years.

Composition of kelp

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Chemical composition of kelp

Laminaria thalli contain

polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidin),
iodides (2.7-3%),
vitamins (B 1, B 2, B 12, A, C, D, E, carotenoids),
salts of potassium, sodium, magnesium, bromine, cobalt, iron, manganese, sulfur and phosphorus compounds,
nitrogen-containing substances,
proteins (5-10%),
carbohydrates (13-21%),
fats (1-3%).
The main substance is the polysaccharide alginic acid, the content of which reaches 30% of the dry mass of algae.

Numerical indicators of raw materials

Whole and chopped raw materials

Iodine not less than 0.1%;
polysaccharides (determined gravimetrically) at least 8%;
humidity no more than 15%;
total ash no more than 40%;
thalli with yellowed edges no more than 10%;
organic impurities (algae of other types, grass, thalli affected by crustaceans, etc.) are not allowed;
mineral impurities (shells, pebbles) no more than 0.5%;
sand no more than 0.2%;
whole and shredded thalli with a thickness of less than 0.03 cm, no more than 15%.

Crushed raw materials

Iodine not less than 0.1%;
polysaccharides not less than 8%;
humidity no more than 15%;
total ash no more than 40%;
particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm, no more than 5%.

Properties and uses of kelp

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Pharmacotherapeutic group. Laxative. Source of iodine.

Pharmacological properties of kelp

The healing effect of seaweed due, first of all, to the presence in it organic compounds Yoda. Iodine improves protein assimilation, absorption of phosphorus, calcium and iron, and activates a number of enzymes. Under the influence of iodine, blood viscosity decreases, vascular tone and blood pressure decrease.

Laminaria helps reduce cholesterol in blood plasma, delays the development of atherosclerosis.

The halide group of elements (chlorine, iodine, bromine) has a disinfecting effect.

Sea kale iodine has a regulating effect on menstrual cycle, ovaries and thyroid gland, and the effect of seaweed is more effective compared to inorganic iodine preparations.

Polysaccharides have hydrophilicity and adsorption capacity, absorb various endo- and exogenous toxins from the intestines.

Sea kale powder, containing polysaccharides, swells in the gastrointestinal tract, increases in volume and causes weakness.

Application of kelp

Laminaria is prescribed

with atherosclerosis,
in the treatment and prevention of endemic goiter.

Products prepared with seaweed, in doses corresponding daily requirement in iodine (200 mcg/day), recommended for use in goiter-endemic areas.

Laminaria has a pronounced sap property, being an irritant of gastric secretion.

Noted positive influence seaweed for inflammatory diseases of the light-perceiving apparatus of the eye (increased visual acuity, expanded field of view and partial restoration of color perception).

When prescribing kelp for therapeutic and preventive purposes, take into account the body’s physiological need for iodine and do not exceed it.

Contraindications to the use of seaweed Nephritis, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, furunculosis and other diseases for which iodine preparations are not indicated are used.

With long-term use of seaweed and hypersensitivity to iodine, the phenomenon of iodism is possible.

Medicines

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Laminaria thallus (sea kale), crushed raw materials. Laxative.
Laminaria, tablets of 0.25 g and 0.5 g (powder). Laxative.
Laminaride, granules for oral administration (dry extract, contains a mixture of polysaccharides with a protein complex and salts of alginic acids). Laxative.
Adaptovit, solution for oral administration (component - thick kelp extract).
Preparations based on alginates - salts of alginic acid from kelp (Algimaf, Algipor, Alginatol, Algisorb, etc.).

Sugary kelp - Laminaria saccharina

Taxon: Laminaria family (Laminariaceae)

Other names: seaweed

English: Sugar Kelp, Sugar Sea Belt, Sweet Wrack, Sugar Tang, Oarweed, Tangle

Botanical description

Brown algae with a ribbon-like thallus from 1 to 12 m long and 10-35 cm wide. The thallus (thallus) near the base narrows into a trunk, which at the bottom branches into rhizoids - root-like formations, with the help of which the algae attaches to rocky soil. The kelp plate is linear, slimy, soft, with wavy edges, greenish-brown in color. Every year it dies off late in the fall, and in winter period is growing again. The entire algae is permeated with mucous passages and lacunae. Laminaria reproduces by motile zoospores, which are formed in sporangia on the surface of the plates. The lifespan of kelp is from 2 to 4 years, depending on climatic conditions.

In addition to kelp saccharide, it is also used in medicine. kelp palmately dissected-- Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour, Japanese kelp--Laminaria japonica Aresch. with a linear uncut plate and Clouston's kelp-- Laminaria cloustoni Edm. (Laminaria hyperborea) with a wavy dissected plate, narrow kelp-- Laminaria angustata Kjellm. with a narrower plate (5-8 cm wide).

Geographical distribution

Sugar kelp forms significant thickets in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, and is also common in the North Atlantic, the western part of the Baltic and is less common in the Black Sea. Palmate dissected kelp is found in the northern seas and temperate latitudes, Japanese kelp is found in the Far Eastern seas of the Pacific Ocean. Clouston's kelp - in the seas of the North Atlantic. These types of kelp are distributed along the coasts of continents and islands at a depth of 2 to 20 meters. As a valuable food and medicinal plant, kelp is widely cultivated in Japan, Korea, China and the Russian Far East. Industrial harvesting of kelp is carried out in the White Sea.

Medicinal raw materials of kelp

Laminaria thallus (Stipites Laminariae) is used in medicine. For the most part, two-year-old thallus are harvested, since it is larger in size, accumulates a maximum of biologically active substances and contains less water. The algae is collected by catching it using special poles with a fork-shaped spring at the end, on which the thallus is wound. In addition, fresh thallus washed ashore by the tides is also prepared. The thallus is washed to remove sand and silt, dried in the sun, laid out in a thin layer on fabric, tarpaulin or cardboard.

The finished raw material has the appearance of dense leathery plates with wavy (saccharine kelp), smooth (Japanese kelp) or wavy-ragged (palmata dissected kelp and Clouston kelp) edges. Dried kelp is usually light olive, greenish-brown, red-brown or blackish-green in color. When dry, the surface of the thallus becomes covered with a sweetish white coating.

Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by the State Fund XI.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Laminaria thallus are dense, leathery, ribbon-shaped plates, folded along their length, without stems, or pieces of plates at least 10-15 cm long, at least 5-7 cm wide. The edges of the plates are solid, wavy, their thickness is not less than 0.03 cm. Color - from light olive to dark olive or red-brown, sometimes greenish-black; thalli are covered with a white coating of salts. The smell is peculiar, the taste is salty.

Shredded raw materials. Strips of thallus 0.2-0.4 cm wide, at least 0.03 cm thick. Color, smell and taste are like those of whole raw materials.

Crushed raw materials. Pieces of thallus of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm. The color is dark gray with a greenish tint. Smell and taste like whole raw materials.

Microscopy. During anatomical examination, small, almost square cells of the “epidermis” with thickened walls, numerous round mucous receptacles visible through the “epidermis” are of diagnostic importance.

Qualitative reactions: according to Global Fund XI

Numerical indicators. Whole and chopped raw materials. Iodine not less than 0.1%; polysaccharides (determined gravimetrically) at least 8%; moisture no more than 15%; total ash no more than 40%; thalli with yellowed edges no more than 10%; organic impurities (algae of other types, grasses, thalli affected by crustaceans) should not be present; mineral impurities (shells, pebbles) no more than 0.5%; sand no more than 0.2%; whole and shredded thalli with a thickness of less than 0.03 cm, not more than 15%.

Iodine, according to SP XI, is determined after combustion in a flask with oxygen by direct titration with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. Polysaccharides are determined gravimetrically after extraction with water and precipitation with alcohol.

Crushed raw materials. Particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm, no more than 5%.

Microbiological purity. In accordance with the Global Fund XI, issue. 2, p. 187 and Amendment to GF XI dated December 28, 1995, category 5.2.

Storage. Store raw materials in dry, well-ventilated areas. Shelf life: 3 years.

Biologically active substances of kelp

The main active ingredient of kelp is a polysaccharide - alginic acid.

Alginic acid is an intercellular substance and one of the components of algae cell walls. In its function, it resembles pectin contained in berries and fruits of flowering plants. During extraction, usually mainly polymannuronic acid passes into the solution, while polyguluronic acid remains in the cell walls and is masked by cellulose. Alginic acid is contained in algae in the form of salts - alginates in amounts up to 30% of dry weight. It is slightly soluble in water, but forms a viscous colloidal solution. Alginic acid is capable of absorbing 200-300 times the amount of water (by weight), which determines the widespread use of alginates in industry.

Alginic acid, which is a linear polymer consisting of residues linked by β-(1>4)-glycosidic linkages of D-mannuronic and b-(1>4)-glycosidic linkages of L-guluronic acids (mol wt. 200 kDa). The content of L-guluronic acid in the molecule is 30-60%. The ratio between mannuronic and guluronic acids in the Norwegian algae Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour is 3.1:1, in Laminaria cloustoni Edm. (Laminaria hyperborea) -- 1.6:1.

Alginic acid is a heterogeneous substance; the ratio between mannuronic and guluronic acids in its different fractions ranges from 3:1 to 1:1. Alginic acid molecules contain fragments of alternately linked mannuronic and guluronic acids and blocks containing only mannuronic and only guluronic acids. The latter components are relatively resistant to hydrolytic influences, which makes it possible to enrich the alginic acid fraction with L-guluronide by combining hydrolysis and fractionation. As a result of such enrichment, a product is formed which, like a polyelectrolyte, has a pronounced ability to selectively bind divalent ions.

Alginic acid

The most productive producers of alginic acid are Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour, Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour and Laminaria cloustoni Edm. (Laminaria hyperborea). The content of alginic acid in the kelp thallus experiences seasonal fluctuations. Thus, in Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour, growing near Spain, the alginate content reaches a maximum in May (26.1%), and in August and January decreases to 14%.

Kelp contains up to 21% of the polysaccharide laminarin (laminaran). With incomplete hydrolysis of laminarin, the disaccharide laminaribiose is formed.

Residues of the polyhydric alcohol D-mannitol may be attached to some of the laminarin molecules. The concentration of mannitol in the kelp thallus ranges from 15-20% (by dry weight) in summer to 3-4% in winter. It is believed that laminarin in brown algae is a reserve nutrient. There are two known forms of laminarin, which differ molecular weight and solubility in water.

In addition to alginic acid and laminarin, other polysaccharides were found in kelp. Thus, sugar kelp and Clouston kelp contain cellulose - 5.7% and 3.7%, respectively. The sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan is found in Laminaria religiosa.

IN different types kelp, including kelp sugar, oxylipins are found - monohydroxyunsaturated fatty acids.

Kelp contains up to 21% of the polysaccharide laminarin (laminaran), consisting of β-D-glucopyranose residues with 1>3 (less often 1>6) linkages in linear chains and 1>6 in branched ones. With incomplete hydrolysis of laminarin, the disaccharide laminaribiose is formed.

Residues of the polyhydric alcohol D-mannitol can be attached to some of the laminarin molecules by β-(1>1) bonds.

Laminarin

The concentration of mannitol in the kelp thallus ranges from 15-20% (by dry weight) in summer to 3-4% in winter. It is believed that laminarin is a reserve nutrient in brown algae. There are two known forms of laminarin, which differ in molecular weight and water solubility.

In addition to alginic acid and laminarin, other polysaccharides were found in kelp. Thus, Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour and Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour contain cellulose - 5.7% and 3.7%, respectively. The sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan is found in Laminaria religiosa.

Various sterols have been identified in Laminaria saccharide, the content of which is 0.2%. The sterol composition is dominated by fucosterol (87%), also containing 24-methylenecholesterol (11%), cholesterol (0.05%), 24-ketocholesterol (0.05%), and saringosterol (1.8%).

Oxylipins—monohydroxyunsaturated fatty acids and 13(S)-hydroxy-6(Z),9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatetraenoic acid—were found in different types of kelp, including sugar kelp. in Laminaria sinclairii - divinyl esters of fatty acids: methyl-12--6(Z), 9(Z),11(E)-dodecatrienoate, methyl-12--9(Z), 11(E)-dodecadienoate and methyl -14--5(Z),8(Z),11(Z),13(E) -tetradecatetraenoate. This indicates the presence of active lipoxygenases with n-6 specificity in the algae.

In addition to the listed compounds, the kelp thallus contains a significant amount of L-fructose (up to 2%), proteins (up to 9%), traces of fatty oil, vitamins C (up to 111 mg%), B12 (0.04-0.05 μg/g dry matter), B1, B2, D, carotene, macro- and microelements (manganese, copper, iron, arsenic, cobalt, bromine, boron), violaxanthin, as well as brown pigments - fucoxanthin, neoxanthin, neofucoxanthin, etc., which mask chlorophyll. Brown algae contains, in addition to chlorophyll A, chlorofucin (chlorophyll C, or g-chlorophyll).

A new amino acid of the alkaloid type - laminin (trimethyl-(5-amino-5-carboxyl) - ammonium dioxalate).

Of the mineral substances in kelp, as a rule, there is a significant amount of iodine (0.15-0.54%), most of which is in the form of iodides, as well as in the form of organiodine compounds, in particular diiodotyrosine. It has been established that the iodine content in kelp from the northern regions is greater than in kelp that grows to the south (Listov S. A. et al., 1986). The iodine content in Murmansk Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour reaches 1.5% of dry matter.

Pharmacological properties of kelp

The therapeutic effect of kelp is primarily due to the iodine compounds contained in the thallus, since it is an important component thyroxine, exhibits a therapeutic effect in cases of dysfunction of the thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency, and also temporarily suppresses increased metabolism caused by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland.

Iodine is part of thyroid hormones, which accelerates tissue oxidation. In physiological concentrations, thyroxine improves protein assimilation, absorption of phosphorus, calcium and iron, and activates some enzymes. Sea kale iodine regulates the menstrual cycle, the activity of the ovaries and thyroid gland, reduces the pathological manifestations of premenopause, reduces blood viscosity, reduces vascular tone and blood pressure. In experiments on rats with artificially induced hypothyroidism, the use of seaweed was accompanied by a reverse development of the disease, and the effect of seaweed preparations was more effective than inorganic iodine preparations.

At experimental study Laminaria powder has been used to establish a laxative effect of the drug, which is due to the ability of polysaccharides to swell in the gastrointestinal tract. Increasing in volume, they cause irritation of the receptors of the intestinal mucosa, which leads to increased peristalsis and promotes emptying. Some data indicate that the kelp thallus contains a water-soluble substance (or substances) that can directly stimulate intestinal motility.

In addition, kelp inhibits the development of experimental atherosclerosis in animals, reducing the content of total cholesterol, lipoprotein cholesterol, especially triglycerides in blood serum (Z.L. Tang and S.F. Shen, 1989). It removes cholesterol from the body so actively that the rate of its removal begins to prevail over the rate of intake from food. Experiments on rats have shown that the excretion of cholesterol in feces is enhanced by sodium alginate isolated from Laminaria angustata Kjellman var. longissima Miyabe (Y. Kimura et al., 1996).

In experiments on rabbits, powder from kelp palmate dissected significantly reduced the viscosity of blood and plasma, and the concentration of fibrinogen in it (Z.L. Tang and S.F. Shen, 1989). Fucoidan polysaccharide from Laminaria religiosa exhibits anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity (H. Maruyama et al., 1987).

An aqueous extract of kelp palmate dissected exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and staphylococci (Trunova O.N. and Grintal A.R., 1977). Antibiotic properties have not been identified in Laminaria saccharide extract. M.G. Shabrin and S.N. Shapiro (1954) established the antitrichomoniacal effect of kelp.

Laminaria has pronounced radioprotective properties. It has been experimentally proven that kelp salad reduces the accumulation of radionuclides 85Sr and 90Sr in the body of rats by 57.6% and 137Cs by 76.7% (V.N. Korzun et al., 1993; N.K. Shandala, 1993), and also the accumulation of 125J in the thyroid gland of mice (H. Maruyama and I. Yamamoto, 1992). Adding it to the food of rats, in which radiation damage was caused by the incorporation of 131J into the thyroid gland and an external source of g-radiation - 137Cs, contributed to the life expectancy of the animals, and in the long term after irradiation it reduced the incidence of leukemia (by 2 times) and other malignant tumors (breast, uterus, liver, adenomas of the salivary, parathyroid and thyroid glands), and also continued the latent period of their development (V.A. Knizhnikov, 1993). At the same time, radiation damage to the liver in the form of hepatitis and hepatodystrophies developed 1.5 times less often. In irradiated animals, kelp stabilizes the functional activity of natural killer cells (V.N. Korzun et al., 1993).

The ability of kelp to remove radionuclides and heavy metals from the body is due to salts of alginic acid - alginates. They have a pronounced effect on the metabolism of primarily long-lived radioisotopes deposited in the bone skeleton (strontium, barium, radium, etc.). This property of alginates was first identified in 1957 by Canadian researchers D. Waldron-Edward et al. They proved that when using alginate from laminaria palmar dissected, the accumulation of 90Sr in the femurs of experimental animals a day after use decreases by more than 5 times. According to the authors of the work, this is explained by the specific binding of the radionuclide when it is released from the blood on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and subsequent excretion in the feces. A decrease in the content of radiostrontium in the mucosa causes diffusion of the circulating radionuclide from the blood, and there is a constant ratio between its content in the blood of animals and in the bone skeleton (radioisotope depot). Thus, alginates cause the mobilization of radionuclides from bone depots. The described phenomenon is called the phenomenon of resecretion of radioisotopes. Subsequently, these data were repeatedly confirmed by different groups of researchers. Guluronide-enriched sodium alginate potently counteracted 90Sr absorption by strips duodenum from the in vitro incubation environment (G. Patrick, 1967). A pronounced therapeutic effect occurs with simultaneous (oral and intravenous) administration of alginate to animals primed with 85Sr 9 weeks ago. The pronounced mobilization of the radionuclide from the bone depot is evidenced by its significantly increased concentrations in the blood and parenchymal organs (O. van der Borgh et al., 1978). The data presented are of undeniable interest, first of all, for combating chronic or long-standing radionuclide intoxication and indicate the prospects of using alginate preparations both in the form of injections and orally.

Back in 1967 E. Hesp and B. Ramsbottom demonstrated that sodium alginate preparations actively block the absorption of radioactive elements from the human intestine. In studies on volunteers, after taking 10 g of alginate 20 minutes before administering 0.36-0.48 μCi of 85Sr, the absorption of the radionuclide decreased by 9 times. At the same time, the concentration of the radioisotope in urine decreased by 9.3 times, in the blood by 9.2 times, and accumulation in body tissues by 8.3 times. In experiments on volunteers who were orally administered a stable isotope of strontium simultaneously with sodium alginate, after 2 hours this element was not detected in the blood, its excretion in urine sharply decreased within 24 hours (Y.F. Gong et al., 1991). At the same time, there was no effect of the drug on the metabolism of microelements such as calcium, iron, copper and zinc.

Human studies have confirmed that the degree of protective effect is determined by the guluronide content. Even a one-time administration of sodium alginate enriched with L-guluronic acid monomers reduces the deposition of strontium in the human body by at least 4 times (A. Sutton et al., 1971). Alginates tend to persist in the human intestine - even after stopping intensive use, their effect is pronounced within 1-2 weeks.

When studying the detoxification ability of sodium alginate against the background of radionuclide intoxication, it was found that its severity depends on the botanical species of kelp, the ratio of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic acids in the polysaccharide complex, as well as the presence of free carboxyls in the guluronic fragment of the macromolecule. Alginate preparations that are maximally freed from cations of 2-3-valent elements exhibit the greatest activity. It has been experimentally proven that partial hydrolysis and fractionation of native alginates, aimed at increasing the concentration of guluronide in the polysaccharide, contribute to an increase in its “capturing” activity, regardless of the nature of the hydrolyzing agent. Such drugs significantly reduce the absorption and deposition of radioactive strontium in the bone tissue of experimental animals (G.E. Harrison et al., 1966). Thus, with a guluronide concentration in alginate of 54-60%, from 22 to 15% of the prescribed dose of 85Sr is absorbed, and with a guluronide content of 97%, only 16% of the isotope is absorbed.

In some studies, preparations of partially degraded alginates reduced the absorption of radionuclides by 20-25 times.

Along with strontium, sodium alginate preparations suppress the absorption of radium and barium isotopes (140Ba, 222Ra, 226Ra) from the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals. Similar studies have demonstrated the ability of partially degraded sodium alginate to accelerate the elimination of 222Ra from the body of animals. Treatment with alginates, started 27 days after intraperitoneal inoculation of animals with 222Ra, led to rapid saturation of the bloodstream with radionuclide, which was accompanied by a sharp increase in the content of 222Ra in the feces and a decrease in the content of this radioactive metal in the bone skeleton of animals decapitated after 10 days of treatment (L. Kestens et al. ., 1980). In another study on mice (G. E. R. Schoeters et al., 1983), it was also found that treatment with alginate, started 4 days after injection of 226RaCl2 by adding 5% of the drug to the diet, promotes pronounced elimination of the radionuclide from the body of animals without a noticeable effect on calcium metabolism, despite for the duration of treatment (200 days). Preliminary administration of sodium alginate preparations to animals increases the rate of absorption of 226Ra from the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals by almost 100 times (O. van der Borght et al., 1971).

The radioprotective effect of alginic acid is based on its ability to form insoluble salts with ions of 2-3-valent metals. The specific binding strength depends on the ratio of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic acids in the polysaccharide molecule. The high affinity of alginic acid preparations for lead ions was also confirmed in experiments on removing lead from the body. Since the metal-binding activity of alginates depends on their structure, it is important to consider the prospect of using this property of polysaccharides for selective removal of metal ions from the body.

Obviously, the adsorption complexing properties of polyanionic kelp alginates largely determine other biological properties, in particular the ability, when administered intranasally, to prevent infection of mice with influenza A and B viruses. Calcium alginate is also used as a hemostatic agent. Sodium alginate can be the basis of biopolymer protective coatings for wounds, burn surfaces, and mucous membranes. It is harmless, completely absorbs in the body, stimulates healing processes and is easily combined with various medications.

Laminaria polysaccharides have pronounced antitumor properties. Hot aqueous extracts and their fractions, which are not amenable to dialysis, obtained from Laminaria japonica and Laminaria narrow, inhibit the growth of sarcoma-180 implanted subcutaneously in mice by 70.3-83.6% (I. Yamamoto et al., 1974, 1986).

In 1959 M. Belkin. et al. conducted a test of the antitumor effect of sodium alginate isolated from kelp. When the polysaccharide was administered to mice affected by the ascitic form of sarcoma-37, degenerative changes (swelling, vacuolization) were observed in tumor cells. Sodium alginate, obtained from kelp and other algae, prevents the occurrence of colon tumors in rats induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (I. Yamamoto and H. Maruyama, 1985). Analyzing the results obtained, the researchers concluded that the antiblastoma activity of alginic acid preparations largely depends on the source of algal polysaccharides. The occurrence of 7,12-dimethylbenz[b]anthracene-induced breast carcinomas is also inhibited by the sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan (J. Teas et al., 1984).

Experiments by B. Jolles et al. (1963) indicate that laminarin sulfate, when administered directly into a tumor, inhibits the growth of sarcoma-180 implanted in mice. This action is based on the ability of laminarin to reduce the number of mitoses in tumor cells.

According to I.P. Fomina et al. (1966), who conducted a comparative study of the biological effect of glucan isolated from the cell walls of the yeast fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hans., and laminarin, the antitumor effect of the latter is much weaker - it inhibits the growth of sarcoma-180 and Ehrlich carcinoma by only 19-25% (glucan -- by 41-60%). Based on the results obtained, the authors came to the conclusion that the different biological effects of two polysaccharides having the same composition and types of chemical bonds are determined by the size and configuration of their molecules. The sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan from Laminaria religiosa also has antitumor properties, which suppresses the growth of cells of the ascitic form of sarcoma-180, Ehrlich carcinoma, leukemia L1210 and P388 implanted subcutaneously into mice (H. Maruyama et al., 1987; K. Chida and I. Yamamoto, 1987 ). Interestingly, kelp polysaccharides also suppress the growth of virus-induced Rauscher leukemia in mice (G.M. Shaposhnikova et al., 1992).

Japanese scientists (N. Takahashi et al., 2000) found that kelp rhizoid extract suppresses the growth of breast cancer, and active substance identified as L-tryptophan.

Thus, several mechanisms may be involved in the implementation of the antitumor effect of kelp. Algae fibers, which are not digested in the gastrointestinal tract, accelerate the passage of fecal matter through the intestines, and its polysaccharides, due to their sorption properties, bind and prevent the absorption of carcinogens and radionuclides. In addition, β-glucan blocks the enzymatic activity of intestinal flora (which plays an important role in the metabolic activation of carcinogens) and stimulates the body's immune response. Alginates and laminarin inhibit the mutagenic effect of xenobiotics on the genetic apparatus of the cell. Biologically active substances of kelp suppress the metabolism of sterols in the body and help support intestinal microbiocenosis.

X. Weijian et al. (1989) observed the hypoglycemic effect of laminarin in animals with experimental alloxan diabetes. Sodium alginate, isolated from Laminaria narrowa, inhibits the absorption of glucose in the small intestine of rats and the increase in plasma insulin levels in the sugar load test (Y. Kimura et al., 1996). High molecular weight alginates (mol. wt. 2700, 100 and 50 kDa) exhibit more strong effect than low molecular weight (mol. wt. 10 kDa). The polysaccharide of Laminaria palmacifata showed similar properties in experiments on pigs (P.Vaugelade et al., 2000). chemical biological pharmacological kelp

A substance with a hypotensive effect, laminin, was obtained from Laminaria locust. An infusion of Japanese kelp (Laminaria japonica Aresch) also exhibits a persistent hypotensive effect. In addition, it exhibits a negative chronotropic effect on the isolated right atrium of the rat, without affecting the tension of the atrium muscles, and also relieves spasm of the muscles of the tail artery of rats caused by potassium chloride (K.o is 2 times less pronounced.

In order to increase the biological activity of laminarin by enzymatic transformation with (1>3)-D-glucanases, a glucan consisting of (1>3)- and (1>6)-D-linked residues, called “translam”, was obtained from marine invertebrates. . Translam exhibited a more pronounced immunotropic effect compared to laminarin. It has been demonstrated to protect animals against 100% fatal generalized infection and stimulate hematopoietic stem cell populations. Translam exhibits pronounced immunostimulating properties in animals that have experienced g-irradiation at a sublethal dose. It increases the resistance of irradiated mice to infection with Escherichia coli, reduces the number of bacteria in the spleen, and stimulates the absorbing and digestive activity of peritoneal macrophages (Kuznetsova T.A. et al., 1994). Translam provides a lasting therapeutic effect when administered to animals during the first 24 hours after irradiation at doses of the order of LD90, which cause acute radiation damage to the skin (Chertkov K.S. et al., 1999).

A protein-mineral complex was isolated from kelp (Drozd Yu.V. et al. 1991, 1993), which, under experimental hypothermia (at a temperature of -18°C), increased the life expectancy of mice of the line (CBAxC56Bl6) by 61%, significantly surpassing activity ethanol, sidnocarb and glutamic acid. It is believed that kelp preparations can in the future be used as “antifreeze” for hypothermia in warm-blooded organisms. This drug also increased the animals' tolerance to lack of water.

Toxicology and side effects

Laminaria, as a rule, does not cause adverse reactions; addiction does not develop to it with a decrease in the therapeutic effect.

Contraindications to the use of seaweed are nephritis, nephrosis, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, pregnancy, furunculosis and other diseases for which iodine preparations are not indicated. With prolonged use of seaweed in persons with hypersensitivity to iodine, the phenomenon of iodism is possible. Anaphylactic shock caused by the use of kelp has been described.

With prolonged administration of laminarin to animals, pathological changes in the skeletal system were observed: the carpal and pelvic joints were weakened, and spontaneous fractures occurred. Microscopic examination of bone tissue revealed osteoporosis, impaired endochondrial ossification in the epiphyseal cartilage, and the absence of new bone trabeculae. It is believed that these phenomena are caused by the accumulation of thyroxine in the thyroid gland, since with hyperthyroidism the breakdown of proteins is stimulated and the processes of decomposition of muscle creatinine are enhanced.

At the same time, the hormone reduces the concentration of cholesterol and lipoproteins in the plasma, and also stimulates the breakdown of bone tissue.

Clinical uses of kelp

As a medicine, seaweed is prescribed for atherosclerosis, for the treatment and prevention of endemic goiter, hyperthyroidism, and mild forms of Graves' disease. Products made with the addition of seaweed in doses corresponding to the daily requirement of iodine (200 mcg/day) are recommended for use in endemic areas for goiter. In the Far East, the method of “silent” prevention of endemic goiter has been widely introduced into practice. It consists in the fact that a person receives the required dose of iodine with bread, when baking which seaweed powder is added at the rate of 0.4 mg per 1 kg of bread.

Sea kale is recommended as a mild laxative for chronic atonic constipation. Its effect is similar to the physiological laxative effect of vegetables and fruits. Sea kale is especially effective for chronic constipation due to atherosclerosis. Laminaria powder or granules are taken in such cases once a day (at night) half or a whole teaspoon diluted in 1/3-1/2 cup of water. At the same time, small particles of seaweed swell and irritate the nerve endings of the intestinal mucosa, which promotes the stimulation of peristalsis.

Laminaria is also used as an antidote for inhalation damage to the upper respiratory tract in persons in contact with barium salts and radionuclides. Take it in the form of inhalations (a teaspoon of dry kelp powder is infused for an hour in 200 ml of water). The course of treatment is 10 sessions of 5 minutes each. The clinical use of guluronide-enriched sodium alginate for the treatment of acute inhalation intoxication with 226RaSO4 in case of accidental damage to the ampoule has been described (O. van der Borgh, 1972). Alginates with a high content of guluronic acid intensively prevent the absorption of radioactive barium from the human gastrointestinal tract (A. Sutton and H. Shepherd, 1972). It is recommended to include kelp in the diet of the population living in areas contaminated after the Chernobyl accident to reduce the accumulation of radioactive isotopes 90Sr and 137Cs in the body.

The results of epidemiological studies indicate a direct connection between the consumption of kelp and the low incidence of breast cancer in Japan (J. Teas, 1983). THEM. Vorontsov (1957) used kelp powder to treat cancer patients. The medicine was prescribed to patients a teaspoon 3 times a day after combined treatment, a course of radiation therapy or surgery, as well as in cases of advanced tumor process. Patients took the drug for 2-12 months or more. The results of clinical observation of 500 patients with different tumor localizations showed that with long-term use of kelp there was a gradual improvement in general state patients, as well as their mental state. At the same time, blood counts and intestinal function normalized, and appetite improved. As a result of the research, it is recommended to use seaweed as an adjuvant in the treatment of cancer patients.

A drug to lower blood pressure was developed based on Japanese kelp extract. Laminaria powder exhibits clinical effectiveness in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the uterus and its appendages, trichomonas colpitis. For gout and rheumatism, residents of coastal areas take baths with the addition of seaweed to reduce pain. A positive result was noted from using kelp as a food seasoning for inflammatory diseases of the photosensitive apparatus of the eye. At the same time, visual acuity increases, the field of view expands and light sensitivity is partially restored. There are known cases of using seaweed for enteritis, colitis, lymphadenitis, chronic polyarthritis, and for the treatment of infected wounds. However, the listed developments were not found wide application in clinical practice.

During electrophoresis using seaweed, most patients with atherosclerosis with mental disorders The electrocardiogram improved, blood pressure and vascular tone normalized, and cholesterol levels in the blood decreased. In many patients, against the background of changes in objective data, the mental condition. Among native Japanese residents who regularly eat kelp, atherosclerosis is 10 times less common than among Japanese who emigrated to the United States.

In clinical practice, bougies made from the petiole parts of the thallus of palmately dissected kelp are also used. In the presence of moisture, bougies quickly increase in volume and become more elastic. The described method of osmotic dilatation is used to widen the opening of the fistula, with stenosis of the esophagus, laryngotracheal stenosis in children, but more often in gynecological practice with various intrauterine procedures. Bougies have the form of dense, inflexible sticks with a diameter of 2-3 mm and a length of 6-7 cm. The expansion of the cervical canal occurs within 3-4 hours after the introduction of a bougie made from kelp and reaches a maximum after 24 hours. During this time, the kelp increases in diameter by 4-5 times, expanding the diameter of the cervical canal from 9 to 12 mm (B.W. Newton, 1972) and becomes softer and more elastic. Mizutani Inc. (Japan) are issued special means from kelp to dilate the cervix (up to 5-8 mm or more).

Now bougies from kelp are widely used in gynecological practice for preoperative dilatation of a rigid cervix in pregnant women at 7-12 weeks of pregnancy, to prepare the cervix for termination of pregnancy at 17-25 weeks, if the introduction of kelp is preceded by an intra-amniotic infusion of a hypertonic solution of urea, drugs prostaglandins, intravenous drip administration of oxytocin. It has been proven that when terminating pregnancy in the second trimester (with fetal abnormalities) using extra-amniotic administration of rivanol, the use of bougies made from kelp has a more pronounced effect compared to bougies made from the polymer material Nelaton (A. Jarnbert et al., 1999). This method of termination of pregnancy, as a rule, does not cause complications, does not change the nature of the vaginal and cervical microflora with exposure for no more than 24 hours (G.R. Evaldson et al., 1986), and reduces the risk of post-abortion inflammatory diseases (I. Bryman et al., 1988; A. Jonasson et al., 1989) and does not have an adverse effect on the course of subsequent pregnancy (D. Schneider et al., 1996). Its use significantly reduces the risk of uterine perforation during abortion (D.A. Grimes et al., 1984). The method is also effective in terminating pregnancy early stages using vacuum aspiration (I.M. Golditch and M.H. Glasser, 1974; P.G. Stubblefield et al., 1979; F. De Bonis et al., 1988). In obstetrics, bougie from kelp is used for gentle preparation of the cervix for the onset of labor in women with complicated pregnancy (toxicosis of the second half of pregnancy, fetal malnutrition, antenatal fetal death, Rh conflict, aggravating obstetric history). This reduces the number of cases of ineffective obstetric care and the dose of oxytocin required for this, the number of cesarean sections, the risk of intrapartum fetal death, and the duration of labor is reduced (R.L. Agress et al., 1981; G.M. Kazzi et al., 1985).

The use of kelp bougies is recognized as safe and effective method dilation of the cervix in women with cervical stenosis during the embryo transfer procedure (I. during diagnostic hysteroscopy (D.E. Townsend and R. Melkonian, 1990), vaginal removal of intrauterine joints (F.P. Chen et al., 1997), sublacrimal fibroids (M.H. Goldrath, 1990 ), when introducing radioactive isotopes into the uterine cavity for the treatment of cancer (C. is more widely used in dental practice. The feasibility of using a complex toothpaste with biologically active kelp compounds to improve the physicochemical and mechanical properties of tooth enamel and prevent caries has been experimentally substantiated (V. A. Drozhzhina and Yu.A. Fedorov, 1991).

Laminaria alginic acid and its salts, alginates, have found quite wide practical application. They are used in the pharmaceutical industry as agents that improve the decomposition of solids. dosage forms in the gastrointestinal tract, emulsifiers, thickeners, suspension stabilizers, as well as for the production of colloidal blood substitutes.

Sodium alginate is used as a basis for biopolymer coatings on wounds and burn surfaces. In Russia, alginate coatings capable of dissolving and wound-healing dressings “Algipor” and “Algimaf” have been developed. They are used for local treatment of wounds, including long-term wounds, burns, trophic ulcers, and bedsores. Thanks to the unique biological properties drugs accelerate the cleansing and healing of wounds of various origins, counteracting their infection, and reduce intoxication of the body. Algipor and algimaf have undergone clinical trials in leading Russian clinics; the advantages of alginate coatings over traditional dressings have been highly appreciated by specialists.

Alginate-based powder dressing “Statin” is also produced, intended for treating the skin around the stoma, for closing superficial infected wounds and burns. Statin has proven itself to be effective in tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy and dermoplasty operations. In addition, the statin has pronounced hemostatic properties: it stops capillary bleeding immediately and moderate-intensity bleeding within 8-10 seconds

Modern alginate-based wound healing agents algipor, algimaf and statin do not cause allergic reactions, are well tolerated by patients, and there are practically no contraindications to their use.

Alginate preparations have also been created to stop gastrointestinal bleeding and treat gastric and duodenal ulcers. The action of these agents is associated with their ability to form a protective film, which prevents dyspepsia and inflammation.

Baths with the addition of kelp and sea mud, containing biologically active substances and trace elements of algae, also have medicinal properties. In some coastal countries (for example, Norway), seaweed baths are used to relieve joint pain. To do this, add kelp thallus to water heated to 45°C. Foot baths can also be prepared from dry kelp (a pack of dry seaweed in a bucket of water). The duration of the procedure is 20-30 minutes, it is best to do them at night. The prepared suspension is designed for 3-4 procedures, then you need to make a fresh one. In total there are 12-15 procedures per course.

Patients with osteochondrosis, neuritis and myositis are helped by compresses from “algae mud”. They are prepared using 5-6 packs of seaweed for a bucket of water at a temperature of up to 50°C, let it brew for 30 minutes and strain through cheesecloth. The resulting mass is applied to a gauze napkin in a layer about 2 cm thick, applied to the sore spot, covered with oilcloth or cellophane and a layer of cotton wool and bandaged. The compress retains heat for a long time. The thermal effect can be enhanced by placing a heating pad or a bag of heated salt on top of the compress. The compress can be left for 5-6 hours. At least 5-7 and no more than 12-15 procedures are recommended per course of treatment. The main contraindications to mud therapy are cardiovascular, skin and tumor diseases, and allergic reactions.

Seaweed can be used as a dietary food product. Dry sea kale powder contains 5-20% proteins, 0.9-3.24% fats and 6-12% dietary carbohydrates, and is rich in microelements and vitamins. Kelp is eaten in China, Japan, Indonesia, and the Russian Far East. For the needs of dietary nutrition, a technology for producing processed cheese with kelp was developed (Kolomiytseva M.G. et al., 1967). It has been demonstrated that enriching fish dishes with seaweed increases their biological value (Petrovsky K.S. et al., 1982). A preventive and therapeutic dose of seaweed is 2 teaspoons of seaweed: dry, canned, pickled, in the form of salads.

Sodium alginate is widely used in the food industry (production of ice cream, milk chocolate, sugar glaze, confectionery, salad dressing) and as an adhesive in the production of cosmetics.

Laminaria medicines

* Kelp powder (Pulvis folii Laminariae). Available in packs of 75 g, 150 g, and 180 g. Used as a mild laxative for chronic atonic constipation, as well as for constipation in patients with atherosclerosis: dilute 1/2-1 teaspoon in water, take at night. The course of treatment is 15-30 days. To prevent endemic goiter, 1 teaspoon of powder per week is prescribed.
* Laminaridum - granules, 1 g of which contains 0.2 g of a mixture of polysaccharides with proteins and alginic acid salts, which are obtained from kelp. Available in packages of 50 g. Used for chronic constipation with spastic phenomena, 5-10 g (1-2 teaspoons) 1-3 times a day after meals, with 1/4-1/2 glass of water room temperature. Unlike kelp powder, the granular preparation does not irritate the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat.
* Algigel - 4% gel of natural sodium alginate from brown algae. Available in 180 g bottles. It has anti-inflammatory, antacid, radioprotective, reparative and hemostimulating properties. It is used for complex treatment of people injured in accidents at nuclear facilities, with peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, erosive gastritis, acute and chronic hyperacid gastritis and with hematopoiesis disorders (leukopenia, anemia). Prescribed orally, 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day, 30 minutes after meals. The course of treatment lasts 30 days, it is recommended to conduct 2-3 courses per year with an interval of 4-6 months.
* Algisorb is a powder containing calcium alginate. Available in sachets of 2.5 and 5 g. Used as an enterosorbent. The drug adsorbs radionuclides and heavy metals from the gastrointestinal tract, thus preventing their accumulation in the body, the development of severe toxic effects and internal irradiation of organs.

It is used as a first aid remedy for acute poisoning by radionuclides and heavy metals, for the treatment and prevention of intoxication with radionuclides and heavy metals, both in case of accidental exposure and during prolonged exposure to contaminated products, for the treatment and prevention of chronic lead intoxication. As part of combination therapy, it is prescribed for chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, disorders of its motility, allergic skin reactions, and hypercholesterolemia. Consumed orally, a single dose for adults is 5-10 g, for children - 0.5-5 g, depending on age. The frequency of administration and duration of treatment are determined individually.

Side effects: occasionally dyspeptic symptoms and mild diarrhea occur. There are no contraindications for use. Due to the possible effect on the absorption of other drugs, the interval between taking this drug and another drug should be 1-2 hours.

* Algipor - hermetically packed sterile sheets of porous material measuring 50x50 mm or 60x100 mm, about 10 mm thick. Contains a mixture of sodium-calcium salt of alginic acid with furatsilin (as an antiseptic). Upon contact with the wound, the bandage takes on a gel-like form, which helps reduce pain. The drug has pronounced hemostatic and drainage properties, absorbs wound exudate, accelerates the cleansing of wounds, and counteracts their infection. The dressings stimulate the processes of skin regeneration and epithelization.
* Algimaf - hermetically packed sterile sheets of porous material measuring 50x50 mm or 60x100 mm, about 10 mm thick. They contain a mixture of sodium-calcium salt of alginic acid with the sulfonamide drug mafenide acetate, as well as the antioxidant phenosan. Upon contact with the wound, the bandage takes on a gel-like form, which helps reduce pain. The drug has pronounced hemostatic and drainage properties, absorbs wound exudate, accelerates wound cleansing, counteracts infection, stimulates regenerative processes and epithelization of the skin. Due to the content of the antioxidant phenozan, algimaf has a more pronounced therapeutic effect compared to algipor.
* Lamisplat is a biologically active food supplement. Available in tablets of 0.25, 0.35 and 0.5 g containing minerals (iodine, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc, boron, copper), essential amino acids, enzymes, dietary fiber and group vitamins B from kelp and spirulina, as well as vitamin C and citric acid. It has a general strengthening effect, normalizes metabolic processes in the body, reduces the level of low-density lipoproteins, promotes the removal of waste, heavy metals, toxins, radionuclides from the body, reduces the feeling of hunger and prevents excessive deposition of fats in the body, promotes wound healing. Recommended for metabolic disorders (obesity, atherosclerosis), intestinal hypokinesia, hypo- and avitaminosis, mineral deficiency, brittle hair, premature aging of the skin, to increase the body's immunological reactivity. Take 2 tablets orally with meals. 0.5 g 2 times a day, or 2 tablets. 0.35 g 3 times a day, or 4 tablets. 0.25 g 2 times a day. The drug is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to iodine compounds.
*Dr. Theiss New Figure (Naturwahren, Germany) - capsules containing 50 mg of rhubarb, 80 mg of brown algae extract (kelp, fucus), 50 mg of plum extract and 50 mg of licorice root. The drug reduces the feeling of hunger, improves intestinal activity, absorbs liquid, removes toxic compounds, activates metabolism, and helps reduce fat deposits. Prescribed for alimentary obesity, to reduce the feeling of hunger while following a diet. Take 1 capsule 3 times a day (at lunchtime and in the evening) before meals.
* Algofin ointment is a combined preparation containing substances natural origin: sodium salts of fatty acids, carotenoids, alginates, chlorophyll derivatives and film formers based on natural waxes. Available in aluminum tubes of 25 g

The ointment has an antimicrobial effect against gram-positive and gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic, spore-forming and asporogenous microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, clostridia, peptococci and other microorganisms in the form of monocultures and microbial associations that simulate soil pollution, as well as against hospital strains of bacteria with multidrug resistance to other chemotherapeutic drugs. Algofin is also effective against Proteus, pneumococcus, Klebsiella rhinoscleroma and fungi of the genus Candida. The drug exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, enhances regeneration and repair processes, has hyperosmolar properties, reduces toxicosis in patients with extensive burns, trophic disorders, and radiation ulcers. The ointment also exhibits deodorizing properties, eliminating the unpleasant odor during purulent-necrotic processes, especially of a chronic nature.

The ointment is prescribed at any stage of the wound process for the treatment of purulent-inflammatory, trophic, radiation lesions of soft tissues of different localization: amputation stump, wounds, including those infected with various microflora, trophic ulcers, bedsores, complicated postoperative wounds, fistulas, abscesses, phlegmon, thermal and chemical burns of II-IV degrees, radiation ulcers. It is also used to treat inflammatory skin diseases, pyoderma, and erysipelas.

The ointment is applied topically. After standard treatment of wounds and burns, it is applied directly to the damaged surface or in the form of applications on sterile napkins. Treatment can be carried out using open and closed methods. Tampons soaked in ointment can be used to loosely fill the cavities of purulent wounds after surgical treatment; gauze turundas with ointment are inserted into the opening of the fistula. When treating purulent wounds, the ointment is used once a day on a surface previously cleared of purulent discharge and necrotic masses, when treating burns - 2-3 times a week, depending on the depth of the lesion and the amount of purulent discharge. When treating trophic lesions, the bandage is changed 1-2 times every 3 days, monitoring the development of granulations. The duration of treatment is determined by the degree of cleansing of the wound from purulent-necrotic masses, elimination inflammatory process and development of granulations and averages 15-25 days.

In dermatological practice, the ointment is applied in a thin layer to the skin or on a gauze bandage, followed by application to the erosive surface 1-2 times a day for 1-2 weeks. If there is purulent exudate on the surface of ulcers and erosions, it is pre-cleaned with a solution of furatsilin 1:500, 3% hydrogen peroxide or 1-2% boric acid.

Side effect. When applied topically, the ointment does not exhibit locally irritating or allergenic activity, promotes the development of granulation tissue, and does not damage viable cells of the basal and superficial layers of the skin. Resorptive toxic effects and long-term consequences are not observed. Rarely, when treating burns and trophic ulcers, when using an ointment, a burning sensation is possible, which disappears on its own or requires preliminary treatment of the wound surface with local anesthetics.

Sugar kelp - Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour.

Japanese kelp - Laminaria japonica Aresch.

Laminaria digitata (Hudg.) Lam.

Laminaria family - Laminariaceae

Other names:

- seaweed

Botanical characteristics. Marine brown algae, the main part of which is a belt-shaped green-brown lamellar thallus (thallus) of a broadly lanceolate shape, 2-6 m long (sometimes up to 12 m), 10-35 cm wide, half the width of the plate is occupied by a median strip delimited by longitudinal folds. The plate at the bottom turns into a stem-petiole 3-70 cm long and ends with root-like formations - rhizoids, with which the plant is attached to the rocky soil. The entire plant is permeated with mucous passages and lacunae. It reproduces by spores; after the formation of spores, the kelp dies. The lifespan of kelp is from 2 to 4 years, depending on climatic conditions.

The spore containers (sporangia) mature from July to October. From the spores, microscopic female or male growths develop, forming sex cells - gametes. From the egg after fertilization, a spore-bearing plant emerges - the kelp itself.

Harvesting of thallus of other species is allowed (laminaria dissected).

Spreading. Japanese kelp grows in the south of the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk; In the White and Kara Seas, sugar kelp and palmate kelp (Laminaria digidada (Huds.) Lamour) grow, which are used for food and for medicinal purposes along with Japanese kelp.

Habitat. They form extensive thickets in places with constant water movement, near open shores. On rocks and rocks, it enters the water to a depth of 35 m. Dense and large underwater “algae forests” are formed at a depth of 4-10 m.

Preparation. The best harvesting time is from June to September. Thallus are collected after a storm. They are also pulled out using a “kanza” with a pole 4-6 m long, at the end of which branched rods are attached for gripping and winding. Sometimes they use special braids. The raw materials are used fresh and dried in the sun. The pharmacy receives kelp in packs, crushed into coarse powder.

Security measures. The thickets are restored after 2 years. Regionalization of workpieces is recommended. Cultivation of algae in natural conditions is practiced. From one hectare of sea garden, up to 100 tons of green mass are collected.

External signs. The thallus of sugar kelp are dense, leathery, wrinkled pieces of leaf-shaped plates, less often whole plates, 10-110 cm or more long, 5-40 cm wide; the edges of the plates are wavy. Laminaria palmately dissected thalli are dense, pieces of palmately dissected thalli are 70-160 cm long or more, 3.5-14 cm wide; the edges of the plates are smooth. The thallus of the Japanese kelp is dense, thick, leathery, ribbon-shaped pieces of plates or whole plates of the thallus, folded along the length, sometimes with breaks along the edges and in the middle, 40-130 cm or more long, 7-15 cm wide; the edges of the plates are solid and wavy. The color of the thallus of all kelp is from light olive to dark olive, greenish-brown, red-brown, sometimes black-green. The color is due to the brown pigment fucoxanthin, which masks chlorophyll. The surface of the thalli is covered with a white coating of salts. The smell is peculiar. The taste is salty.

According to Global Fund XI, the raw materials are dense leathery plates up to 3 mm in size, greenish-gray in color. The smell is peculiar, the taste is salty-bitter, “sea”. Yellowed thalli, admixtures of other algae and herbs, shells, stones, and sand reduce the quality of raw materials. The authenticity of raw materials is determined by morphological characteristics.

Qualitative reactions: according to Global Fund XI.

Numerical indicators.Whole and chopped raw materials. Iodine not less than 0.1%; polysaccharides (determined gravimetrically) at least 8%; moisture no more than 15%; total ash no more than 40%; thalli with yellowed edges no more than 10%; organic impurities (algae of other types, grasses, thalli affected by crustaceans) should not be present; mineral impurities (shells, pebbles) no more than 0.5%; sand no more than 0.2%; whole and shredded thalli with a thickness of less than 0.03 cm, not more than 15%.

Crushed raw materials. Particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm, no more than 5%.

Microbiological purity. In accordance with the Global Fund XI, issue. 2, p. 187 and Amendment to GF XI dated December 28, 1995, category 5.2.

Chemical composition. The thallus of the plant contains polysaccharides: high molecular weight laminarin - 21% (not less than 8%), mannitol - 21%, fructose - 4%), iodides (2.7-3%), vitamins (B1, B2, B12, A, C , D, E, carotenoids), potassium, sodium, magnesium, bromine, cobalt salts, iron, manganese, sulfur and phosphorus compounds, nitrogen-containing substances, proteins (5-10%), carbohydrates (13-21%), fats (1 -3%). Iodine content not less than 0.1%.

The main substance is the polysaccharide alginic acid, which is a linear polymer of two polyuronic acids: b-D-mannuronic and a-L-guluronic, typical of lower plants (including algae). The ratio of these acids in the alginic acid molecule varies, and there are regions of the polymer consisting of only b-D-mannuronic acid residues, regions consisting only of a-L-guluronic acid residues, and regions with alternating residues of these two uronic acids.

The carboxyl groups of mannuronic and guluronic acids very often form salts with Na, Ca and Mg ions. The content of alginic acid reaches 30% of the dry mass of algae.

Storage. In a dry place. Shelf life up to 3 years.

Pharmacological properties. The medicinal effect of seaweed is primarily due to the presence of organic iodine compounds in it. Iodine improves protein assimilation, absorption of phosphorus, calcium and iron, and activates a number of enzymes. Under the influence of iodine, blood viscosity decreases, vascular tone and blood pressure decrease.

Laminaria helps reduce cholesterol in the blood plasma and delays the development of experimental atherosclerosis in rats and rabbits. Phytohormones and vitamins contained in seaweed stimulate the repair of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, intestines, female genital organs, etc. The halogen group of elements (chlorine, iodine, bromine) has a disinfecting effect. Sea kale iodine has a regulating effect on the menstrual cycle, ovaries and thyroid gland, and reduces the pathological manifestations of premenopause. In experiments on rats with artificially induced hypothyroidism, the use of seaweed is accompanied by a reverse development of the disease, and the effect of seaweed is more effective compared to inorganic iodine preparations.

Sea kale polysaccharides have hydrophilicity and adsorption ability, absorb various endo- and exogenous toxins from the intestines.

An animal experiment showed that sea kale powder, containing polysaccharides, swells in the gastrointestinal tract, increases in volume and causes laxity.

Medicines. Sea kale powder, the total preparation "Laminaride", consisting of a mixture of polysaccharides with a protein component and salts of alginic acids.

Application. Sea kale is prescribed for atherosclerosis, for the treatment and prevention of endemic goiter. Products prepared with the addition of seaweed in doses corresponding to the daily requirement for iodine (200 mcg/day) are recommended for consumption in areas where goiter is endemic. Sea kale is recommended as a mild laxative for chronic atonic constipation. Its effect is similar to the physiological, laxative effect of vegetables and fruits. Sea kale has a pronounced juice-containing property, being an irritant of gastric secretion. A positive effect of seaweed has been noted as a food seasoning for inflammatory diseases of the light-receiving apparatus of the eye (increased visual acuity, expanded visual field and partial restoration of color perception).

Laminaria is used as an antidote for upper respiratory tract diseases in people working with barium salts and radionuclides. The active principle is considered to be aginic acid, which binds harmful compounds. Laminaria is used in the form of inhalation. A teaspoon of dried kelp is infused for an hour in 200 ml of water, inhalations are carried out for 5 minutes, the course of treatment consists of 10 sessions. Seaweed is used with positive results for gout.

When prescribing seaweed for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, the body’s physiological need for iodine is taken into account and does not exceed it.

Contraindications to the use of seaweed include nephritis, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, pregnancy, furunculosis and other diseases for which iodine preparations are not indicated. With prolonged use of seaweed and hypersensitivity to iodine, the phenomenon of iodism is possible.

Seaweed comes to pharmacies in the form of powder in 150 g packages and in granules called “Laminaride” in 50 g packages. Stores sell seaweed confectionery and canned food.

Brown algae have served for a long time, and in some countries they are still a source of iodine and other trace elements. In the Black, Baltic, and White seas, red algae grow - scarlet algae. From them the polysaccharide agar-agar is boiled down, which is widely used in industry and confectionery.

Laminariae (Laminaria) - kelp thallus (sea kale)

(Laminariae thalli - kelp thallus)

The thalli of brown algae, Japanese kelp, collected from June to October and dried Laminaria japonica Aresch. and kelp sugar Laminaria saccharina(L.) Lam., fam. Laminariaceae - Laminariaceae; used as medicine and medicinal raw materials.

Laminaria (sea kale; several species) is a brown algae, the thallus of which consists of a plate, a “trunk” and rhizoids. The types differ according to the shape of the plates. In Japanese kelp, the plates are lanceolate, linear, entire, up to 6 m long (less often 10-12 m), with a wedge-shaped base and a wide, thick median stripe along the longitudinal axis. Laminaria sugary plates are linear, the edges are wavy, length 10-110 cm, width 5-40 cm. The plates die and are shed annually. The plates, “trunks” and rhizoids have mucous passages. Sporangia are formed from July to October. Japanese kelp grows along the southern shores of the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk, in the Pacific Ocean along the southern shores Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Sugar kelp is widespread along the shores of the White, Barents and Kara seas.

Laminaria form thickets on rocks and rocks in coastal zones of seas and oceans at a depth of 2 to 25 (35) m, in places with constant water movement.

Chemical composition. Laminaria thallus contain polysaccharides - up to 30%, mainly salts of alginic acid, as well as fucoidin, laminarin; up to 20% mannitol, protein substances, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, D, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, pantothenic acid, choline, biotin, various mineral salts (potassium, sodium, calcium) and trace elements (iodine, bromine, manganese, cobalt, boron, etc.).

Procurement of raw materials, primary processing, drying. The thalli are prepared by collecting them from fresh waste on the shore or from boats, by winding them on special poles (“kanzas”), and less often, the thalli are cut from the bottom with special scythes. Only large, biennial thalli are collected. To ensure the regeneration of kelp, the thickets are exploited once every three years. The collected raw materials are cleaned of marine plants, shells and other contaminants and dried in the sun.

Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by the State Fund XI.

External signs.Whole raw materials. Laminaria thallus are dense, leathery, ribbon-shaped plates, folded along their length, without stems, or pieces of plates at least 10-15 cm long, at least 5-7 cm wide. The edges of the plates are solid, wavy, their thickness is not less than 0.03 cm. Color - from light olive to dark olive or red-brown, sometimes greenish-black; thalli are covered with a white coating of salts. The smell is peculiar, the taste is salty.

Shredded raw materials. Strips of thallus 0.2-0.4 cm wide, at least 0.03 cm thick. Color, smell and taste are like those of whole raw materials.

Crushed raw materials. Pieces of thallus of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm. The color is dark gray with a greenish tint. Smell and taste like whole raw materials.

Qualitative reactions: according to Global Fund XI.

Crushed raw materials. Particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm, no more than 5%.

Microbiological purity. In accordance with the Global Fund XI, issue. 2, p. 187 and Amendment to GF XI dated December 28, 1995, category 5.2.

Storage. Store raw materials in dry, well-ventilated areas. Shelf life: 3 years.

Usage. Laminaria thalli are used in powder form as a mild laxative for chronic atonic constipation and colitis, for the prevention of thyroid diseases (goiter) and atherosclerosis. The granular total preparation "Laminaride", containing polysaccharides and proteins, is prescribed for chronic constipation with severe intestinal spasms. Seaweed is also used as food and as a food additive to prevent diseases caused by iodine deficiency in the body. Used in dietary supplements.

With regular use, it is possible to develop iodism (cough, runny nose, etc.) and suppression of thyroid function in children. Laminaria thalli are contraindicated for glomerulonephritis, hemorrhagic diathesis, and thyroid dysfunction.