What is the most common inorganic substance in the body. The most abundant substance on earth
the most abundant substance on earth
Alternative descriptionsMelted Ice
The most common liquid on earth
Transparent colorless liquid
. "It's not beer that kills people, it's people..."
. "Off a duck's back..."
. "Don't spill..."
. "Under a lying stone... it doesn't flow"
. "ash two O"
. “It lives in seas and rivers, but often flies across the sky, and when it gets bored of flying, it falls to the ground again” (riddle)
. “quiet... the shores are washing away” (last)
. “subtle matter” that found itself on the first step of the “ladder of nature”, built in the 18th century by the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet
You are life
65% of the human body
Without her, “neither here nor here”
There is no life without her
Most vodka
They usually hide the ends in it
The most important inorganic substance for us
Vodka without alcohol
Vodka without alcohol
Hydrogen+ oxygen
Second to water and copper pipes
Carbonated...
Hot and cold in the tap
Kills people, unlike beer
Destroyer of people (song)
Distilled...
Jewel in the Desert
Friends, don't spill...
It is not pounded in a mortar
It waters the garden and vegetable garden
Liquid cradle of life
Liquid
Liquid without taste, color or odor
Liquid in the bath
The liquid that flows in empty speeches
Liquid that has leaked a lot
Liquid necessary for the existence of all living things
What is a snowflake made of?
It was in this drop that the Roman sages advised to look “if you want to know the world.”
What coolant is usually used to cool a boiling reactor?
The stone sharpens
Painting by Russian artist S. Chuikov "Live..."
Well...
Concrete component
Vodka component
There is too much in vodka, according to drunkards
The best remedy for thirst
Flowing from the tap
An insignificant component of vodka
Mineralka
Mineral in a bottle
Mineral, carbonated
Muddy after ice drift
We drink it and bathe in it
We drink it and enjoy it
Pour into a bucket or glass
Pour into a kettle to boil
Filler for baths and seas
A prerequisite for life
One of the most common substances in nature
It turns out that you can come out of it dry
Deuterium oxide or heavy...
It flows in empty speeches
It can flow or it can drip
It does not flow under a lying stone
The basis of all life on Earth
The basis of life
Fresh milk in the night lake
Partner of fire and copper pipes
Drinking union of two gases
Rain Flesh
Flesh of the sea
According to the French chemist Leonel, the molecule of this substance resembles a peach with two apricots attached to its sides
The herbal liqueur "Danzig Gold...", popular in Germany, contains tiny particles of gold leaf.
Fresh...
Fresh in the lake
Fresh in the pond
Fresh liquid in a pond
A transparent, colorless liquid that is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
Flow in Jacuzzi
Hide and seek for ends
Melted Ice
Fish habitat
Escaped from the bucket
Seventh liquid on jelly
Seventh on jelly
Liquefied ice
According to the Kazakh proverb, without flaw only God, without dirt - only she
Contents. sieve according to the saying
Contents of the clepsydra
Contents of the river and sea
Contents of the samovar
Salty in the sea
Salty moisture of the sea
Salty sea...
Rescue from thirst
This is the name for the linear part of the distance for one boat
Shower turnover
Faucet leaking
What fish “breathe”
Something that won't spoil true friendship
What they carry to the offended
What is poured from the tap
Outdated ancient constellation
Quenches thirst
Film by A. A. Rowe "Fire, ... and Copper Pipes"
A chemical substance without which neither a person nor an animal can survive long.
Chemical substance in the form of a clear liquid
Walks without legs, sleeves without arms, mouth without speech (riddle)
How to dilute alcohol
What in Taoism has become a symbol of the triumph of visible weakness over strength
What boils in a samovar
What measured time in the ancient clepsydra
Not boiling. tea without sugar and tea leaves
Partner of fire and copper pipes
Don't drink it off your face, as the saying goes.
Contents of the cistern
Plants and animals are different from each other. And yet there are characteristics common to the cells of all organisms.
Organic and mineral substances of the cell
Includes organic and inorganic (mineral) substances. Organic substances are formed in the cells of living organisms. These include proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Inorganic substances are widely distributed in inanimate nature. The most common inorganic substance is water. It is necessary for all cells and makes up about 70% of the cell mass. Water is a direct participant in many life processes: growth, nutrition, excretion, and movement of substances in the cell and body. Mineral salts (for example, table salt) are dissolved in water.
Squirrels
Proteins are complex organic compounds. The bodies of living organisms are built from proteins. They participate in all life processes. Plant proteins play an important role in the nutrition of animals and humans. Most proteins are found in plant seeds. Among animal proteins, you are familiar with the protein contained in a chicken egg. The diversity of proteins in the cells of one organism can reach several thousand species.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are necessary for all living organisms as a source of energy. These include glucose, sucrose, starch and other substances. Starch accumulates in potato tubers, bananas, and wheat seeds. In many animals, the carbohydrate glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles. Carbohydrates give strength to many parts of organisms, for example, they are part of wood. The carbohydrate chitin forms the outer covering of insects and crustaceans.
Fats
In the cells of living organisms, fats serve as a reserve source of energy and water. They are especially important for animals that hibernate (bears, gophers) or live in the desert (camels). Large reserves of fat are contained in the seeds of plants, such as sunflower and flax.
Common structural features of the cells of all organisms
A cell consists of interconnected parts. Each of them has a special structure and purpose. The outside of any cell is covered with a plasma membrane. The main role of the membrane is to protect the cell from external influences. The membrane has pores through which the contents of one cell communicate with the contents of other cells. Nutrients and water pass through the membrane into the cell, and waste products are removed from it.
Inside the cell there is cytoplasm - a viscous semi-liquid substance that is constantly moving. Various processes take place in the cytoplasm to ensure the life of the cell. It serves as an internal environment in which cellular structures are located that perform certain functions - organoids.
The most important and largest organelle of the cell is the nucleus. However, the cells of not all organisms contain it. The cells of bacteria, the most ancient organisms on Earth, have the simplest structure. In their cytoplasm there is a nuclear substance that has not yet formed into a nucleus. These organisms are called prenuclear (prokaryotes). The cells of fungi, plants and animals contain a nucleus and have a more complex structure. Such organisms are called nuclear (eukaryotes). According to scientists, hundreds of millions of years ago, life on Earth was represented exclusively by non-nuclear organisms, and only much later nuclear ones arose.
Biology test Chemical composition of a cell for 6th grade students with answers. The test consists of 2 options, each with 11 tasks.
1 option
1. The most common inorganic substance found in living organisms is
1) water
2) calcium salt
3) table salt
4) carbon dioxide
2. The main organic matter of a cell is
1) water
2) protein
3) starch
4) calcium salts
3. Sucrose, or beet sugar, which we eat every day is
1) protein
2) fat
3) carbohydrate
4) nucleic acid
4. The importance of fats in the seal's body is that they
1) form a skeleton
2) participate in muscle contraction
3) store hereditary information
4) protect against heat loss
5. The main importance of nucleic acids in the body is associated with
1) storage of hereditary information
2) energy production
3) oxygen transport
4) wood formation
6.
A. The composition of the chemical elements that form the cells of all living organisms is similar.
B. Only animal organisms are made up of cells.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
7. Are the following statements true?
A. There are chemical elements that are found only in living organisms and are absent in inanimate nature.
B. Most chemical elements are found in the cell in the form of chemical compounds.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
8. Are the following statements true?
A. Water helps remove harmful substances from the body.
B. The main function of carbohydrates in a cell is energy.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
9. Look at the diagram. Indicate the chemical compound whose content in the cell is 70-80%.
1) water
2) proteins
3) carbon dioxide
4) mineral salt
10. Establish a correspondence between chemical compounds and the group of substances to which they belong.
Chemical compounds
1. Proteins
2. Fats
3. Water
4. Mineral salts
Group of substances
A. Organic matter
B. Inorganic substances
11.
Answer the questions.
1. Indicate the chemical elements that form the basis of the cell.
2. What is the importance of calcium salts in living nature?
Option 2
1. Most chemical reactions that occur in a cell require an environment
1) alcohol
2) water
3) air
4) fat
2. The most common salt in living organisms
1) magnesium salt
2) sodium salt
3) phosphorus salt
4) lithium salt
3. The starch contained in potato tubers is
1) protein
2) fat
3) carbohydrate
4) nucleic acid
4. The main source of substances in the cell is
1) proteins
2) carbohydrates
3) mineral salts
4) nucleic acids
5. The transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to children is carried out
1) fats
2) carbohydrates
3) nucleic acids
4) mineral salts
6. Are the following statements true?
A. Living organisms are made up of cells.
B. The chemical element carbon is widespread in living nature.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
7. Are the following statements true?
A. The percentage of different chemical elements in a cell is different.
B. Chemical elements found in living nature are widely distributed in inanimate nature.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
8. Are the following statements true?
A. Proteins make up about half of all organic substances in the cell.
B. Fats are part of inanimate bodies.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
9. The picture shows a mollusk shell. Identify the chemical compound that is part of the shell.
1) fats
2) proteins
3) calcium salts
4) nucleic acids
10. Establish a correspondence between chemical compounds and the group of substances to which they belong.
Chemical compounds
1. Carbohydrates
2. Water
3. Mineral salts
4. Nucleic acids
Group of substances
A. Organic matter
B. Inorganic substances
11. Analyze the tabular data.
Prevalence of chemical elements in inanimate nature
Answer the questions.
1. Are there chemical elements that are found only in living organisms?
2. What chemical element is widespread in inanimate and living nature?
Answer to a biology test: Chemical composition of a cell
1 option
1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 5-1, 6-1, 7-2, 8-3, 9-1
10-AABB
11.
1. O, C, H, N - together they make up 98% of the contents of the cell.
2. They are part of bone tissue and mollusk shells.
Option 2
1-2, 2-2, 3-3, 4-2, 5-3, 6-3, 7-3, 8-1, 9-3
10-ABBA
11.
1. No. Elements that are found in living nature are also found in inanimate nature.
2. Oxygen.
Water* The most common inorganic compound in living organisms is water. Its content varies widely: in the cells of tooth enamel there is about 10% water, and in the cells of the developing embryo - more than 90%. On average, in a multicellular organism, water makes up about 80% of body weight.
The role of water in the cell is very important. Its functions are largely determined by its chemical nature. The dipole nature of the structure of molecules determines the ability of water to actively interact with various substances. Its molecules cause the breakdown of a number of water-soluble substances into cations and anions. As a result, the ions quickly enter into chemical reactions. Most chemical reactions involve interactions between water-soluble substances.
Thus, the polarity of molecules and the ability to form Hydrogen bonds make water a good solvent for a huge number of inorganic and organic substances. In addition, as a solvent, water provides both the influx of substances into the cell and the removal of waste products from it, since most chemical compounds can penetrate the outer cell membrane only in dissolved form.
The purely chemical role of water is no less important. Under the influence of certain catalysts - enzymes - it enters into hydrolysis reactions, i.e. reactions in which OH" or NG groups of water are added to the free valences of various molecules. As a result, new substances with new properties are formed.
Water is, to a certain extent, a heat regulator; Due to the good thermal conductivity and high heat capacity of water, when the ambient temperature changes, the temperature inside the cell remains unchanged or its fluctuations are significantly less than those surrounding the cell -.
environment.
Mineral salts. Most of the inorganic substances in the cell are in the form of salts, either dissociated into ions or in the solid state. Among the former, K + cations are of great importance. Na +, Ca 2+, which provide such an important property of living organisms as irritability. In the tissues of multicellular animals, calcium is part of the intercellular “cement”, which determines the adhesion of cells to each other and their ordered arrangement in the tissues. The buffering properties of the cell depend on the concentration of salts inside the cell.
amino acid molecules form bonds between acidic carbon and nitrogen main groups. Such bonds are called covalent, and in this case - peptide connections:
The combination of two amino acids into one molecule is called dipeptide, three amino acids - tripeptide etc., and a compound consisting of 20 or more amino acid residues - polypeptide.
Amino acids have a general structural plan, but differ from each other in the structure of the radical (R), which is very diverse. For example, the amino acid alanine has a simple radical - CH3, the cysteine radical contains sulfur - CH 2 SH, other amino acids have more complex radicals.
Proteins isolated from living organisms of animals, plants and microorganisms include several hundred and sometimes thousands of combinations of 20 basic amino acids. The order of their alternation is very diverse, which makes it possible for the existence of a huge number of protein molecules that differ from each other. For example, for a protein consisting of only 20 amino acid residues, about 2x10 variants are theoretically possible, differing in the alternation of amino acids, and therefore in the properties of different protein molecules. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is called primary structure of the protein.
However, a protein molecule in the form of a chain of amino acid residues sequentially connected to each other by peptide bonds is not yet capable of performing specific functions. This requires a higher structural organization. By forming hydrogen bonds between the residues of the carboxyl and amino groups of different amino acids, the protein molecule takes the form spirals (a- structure) or the sweet accordion layer (/?- structure). This is the secondary structure of the protein (Fig. 3.1, 3.2).
Buffering refers to the ability of a cell to maintain the slightly alkaline reaction of its contents at a constant level. Buffer solutions are characterized by the fact that the introduction or formation of small amounts of acid or alkali into them during the metabolic process does not affect the pH values due to the formation of compounds with carbonates, phosphates or organic molecules. Inside the cell, buffering is provided mainly by the anions H2PO4. In the extracellular fluid and in the blood, the role of a buffer is played by H2CO3 and HCO3. Anions of weak acids and weak alkalis bind hydrogen ions (H) and hydroxyl ions (OH), due to which reaction inside the cells remain virtually unchanged.
Insoluble mineral salts, such as calcium phosphate, are part of the intercellular substance of bone tissue and mollusk shells, ensuring the strength of these formations.
