Resource potential of tourist territories. Tourist potential

Tourism is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy. In modern literature, the concept of “tourism” is interpreted differently, according to one of them, tourism is considered as travel in free time. There is an approach that characterizes tourism as a branch of the economy serving people who are temporarily outside their place of permanent residence or as a market segment that satisfies the demand of tourists for goods and services.

So in the present Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” of 1996. the following concepts are used:

Tourism is temporary trips (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons with permanent residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary stay.

Assessing the tourism potential and available tourism resources of certain territories is one of the most important tasks for organizers of tourism activities. To do this, it is necessary to clearly distinguish the content of these concepts and master the methods of assessing potential.

Many scientists have given their interpretation of the concept of “tourist potential”. The term “potential” itself, in its etymological meaning, comes from the Latin word “potentia” and means “hidden possibilities”, which in economic practice, thanks to work, can become a reality.

In the domestic economic literature, this term is broadly interpreted as capabilities, available forces, reserves, means that can be used, or as the level of power in any respect, the totality of means necessary for something. In the "Big Economic Dictionary".

In the development of modern ideas about potential, three directions can be distinguished. Representatives of the first D. Chernikov, S. Belova, E. Figurnov and others argue that potential is a set of different types of resources necessary for the functioning or development of a system without taking into account their interrelations. When defining the category under study, it is necessary to take into account the position of Academician L.I. Abalkin that the concepts of “potential” and “resources” should not be opposed.

Another group of authors, adhering to the second resource approach, interpret potential as a set of resources capable of producing a certain amount of material goods, that is, the interaction of resources is taken into account.

Scientists of the third direction consider potential as the ability of complexes of resources of an economic system to fulfill the tasks assigned to it. Potential, in their opinion, is a holistic idea of ​​the unity of the structure and functions of an object, identifying their relationship.

In general explanatory, as well as encyclopedic dictionaries, the term “potential” (from the Latin potentia - strength) refers to “opportunities, means, reserves that can be used to solve a problem.” (Soviet encyclopedic dictionary, 1989)

Defining the concept of potential has not only important scientific, but also practical significance, since the idea of ​​the essence determines the approach to its assessment, measurement and management. The above is also true for the concept of “tourist potential of the region”.

According to Nikolaenko T.V., the tourist (recreational) potential of a territory is understood as the entire set of natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic prerequisites for organizing tourist (recreational) activities in a given territory.

But the definition of recreational potential, or rather “recreational potential of the landscape,” is given in the explanatory dictionary on landscape protection. The definition reads: “The recreational potential of a landscape is a set of natural and cultural conditions that have a positive effect on the human body and ensure, through a combination of physical and mental factors, the restoration of human performance.”

One of the essential words in this definition is the word aggregate. That is why the term “potential”, with all its similarity to the term “resource”, differs from the latter in that, although it is used in the singular form, it always implies a set of characteristics, objects, phenomena.

Another difference between potential and resource is that potential is quite clearly associated with the specific task for which it is defined, while a resource, although considered in the context of its purpose, is not so definite in its connection with a specific user. For example, the water resources of the territory can be used by tourists, industry, and agriculture.

A description of the potential of an object, as a rule, also involves an assessment of this potential in comparison with the potential of another object.

So, the tourism potential of a region is a set of conditions conducive to the development of tourism in a certain region, formed under the influence of a number of certain factors.

Thus, the concept of “tourist potential” in relation to the concept of “tourist resource” acts as a broader one, in a sense, as a collective one.

Tourist resources are divided into two types: direct and indirect. The first includes natural, historical and cultural resources used by tourists and vacationers themselves (attractiveness of the landscape, recreational facilities of the area, objects of knowledge, etc.). Indirect (socio-economic) tourism resources are attracted for the development and use of direct tourism resources; They are divided into material, technical, financial, labor, etc.

N.P. Krachilo divides the entire complex of tourist resources into three groups:

• 1. natural: climate, water resources, mineral springs and therapeutic mud, relief, caves, flora and fauna, natural monuments and reserves, picturesque landscapes, unique natural objects, etc.;
• 2. cultural and historical: museums, exhibitions, theaters, archaeological, historical, architectural monuments, ethnographic features, folklore, applied arts centers, etc.;
• 3. socio-economic: transport accessibility and level of development of the transport network, economic and geographical location, level of economic development, modern and promising territorial organization, level of provision of services to the population, labor resources, characteristics of the population.

Popular are the classifications of tourism resources proposed by the Polish economist M. Troissy and the French economist P. Defert. The classification of M. Troisy is based on the division of tourism resources into those created and not created by human labor. M. Troisy identifies three groups of tourism resources: natural tourism resources, defined as “potential tourism capital”; tourism resources created by human labor; “additional” tourism resources (infrastructure, economic amenities).

Having analyzed all of the above, we can conclude that tourism potential is a set of interrelated resources necessary to achieve certain goals. Resources, in turn, are divided into three groups: natural, cultural-historical and socio-economic.

A necessary condition for the development of tourism is tourism potential, which can be assessed on different scales: at the level of the world, country, region, etc. Tourism potential is understood as the entire set of natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic prerequisites for organizing tourism activities in a certain territory. Sometimes tourism potential is the relationship between the actual and maximum possible number of tourists, determined based on the availability of tourism resources.

The tourist potential of the territory is very variable and depends on the characteristics of the sociocultural formation within which the territory is located. The concept of “tourism potential” includes the concept of “conditions and factors for the development of tourism activities.”

In Figure 2.1. The structure of tourism potential compiled by Russian scientists A.S. Kuskov and Yu.A. Dzhaladyan is presented. Tourism potential includes tourism resources and tourism infrastructure. Tourist resources are divided into three main groups: natural, cultural-historical and socio-economic. It should be noted the dual nature of socio-economic resources. These include elements of tourism infrastructure, management, as well as labor, information, material and technical, and financial resources.

Figure 2.1 – Structure of the territory’s tourism potential

Tourist and recreational resources of a territory (region) are understood as natural-climatic, socio-cultural, historical, archaeological, architectural, scientific-industrial, entertainment, religious and other objects and phenomena that can satisfy human needs in the process and for the purposes of tourism and create organizational -economic and material base for the development of tourism.

Tourist and recreational resources are of paramount importance in tourism management and determine the formation of the tourism industry in a particular region. They form the basis for the successful development of the tourism business, determine the specifics of tourism development in the region, serve as the initial basis for the production of a tourism product and when planning priority areas of the region’s investment policy.

Russian scientists A.V. Darinsky, N.I. Panov include in the concept of “tourist potential” the concepts: “tourism industry”, “throughput potential”.

Throughput potential (ecological, tourist, social, household) shows the capabilities of any tourist facility in the form of throughput capacities, i.e. the maximum load that a tourist site can have without serious damage to local resources from tourist trips and the emergence of socio-economic problems among the population.

The natural and recreational potential of territories is one of the leading prerequisites for the development of tourism. A comprehensive analysis of territories with high natural resource potential, based on the use of systemic methodology, involves identifying a number of properties: the level of recreational resources, their potential, natural and socio-economic integrity, demand in the present and future.

The quality of recreational resources reflects a person’s perception of those properties of natural complexes that in an integral form express his most unique consumer properties, including from the point of view of restoring human health, his psychological, physical and emotional state. The assessment is based on the following provisions:

High quality recreation is ensured only by a variety of opportunities (therapeutic, sports, educational, aesthetic, etc.);

The pristineness, unusualness, and originality of recreational resources determine their universal value;

The human need to communicate with “wild nature” is natural and must certainly be satisfied;

Natural recreational resources are irreplaceable, exhaustible,
have limited ability to recover.

Based on the initial provisions, a methodological approach to assessing the recreational potential of the territory has been developed. At the first stage, a qualitative scoring scale is compiled for each component: relief, climate, surface waters, flora and fauna, hydromineral resources, natural and cultural-historical monuments.

A comfortable or uncomfortable climate favors relaxation or limits a person’s stay in the open air. The greatest potential is in areas with a favorable climate that have no restrictions on the regime and types of outdoor recreation. An increase in climate discomfort, caused by a combination of atmospheric parameters that limit a person’s stay in the open air, leads to a decrease in the recreational value of the territory.

One of the important components of the landscape for humans, which determines the quality of their recreation, is water, both surface and underground. The recreational significance of a particular territory is differentiated depending on the temperature regime of open water bodies, one of the main limiting factors, the area of ​​their water area, natural river obstacles attractive for various sports, high-quality drinking and variety of mineral waters.

When assessing the merits of other natural components, the attractiveness of the landscape is taken into account through the diversity of their forms.

In addition, the following is additionally taken into account: when assessing the relief - panoramic and picturesque views, steepness of the slopes; when assessing the flora and fauna - rare and endangered species, including those listed in the Red Book of the region, undisturbed vegetation, reserves for the protection of individual animal species and complex, migratory species; when assessing hydromineral resources - their quantity, significance for regional and regional use. Unique cultural monuments and natural objects of national scale are noted: mountain systems, lakes and rivers, specially protected natural areas, which are considered treasure troves of the gene pool of flora and fauna.

As a result, the most attractive areas are those with the broadest opportunities for the development of recreational services, leaving the right to choose the type of recreation to the individual. The recreational value of the territory decreases as the diversity of landscape components decreases; it is of the least importance with a monotonous topography, a harsh climate that limits time spent in the open air for a long time, with a shortage of water, poorly represented flora and fauna, and the absence of historical and cultural heritage sites.

According to a comprehensive assessment of experts, the geographic tourism potential of Russia is quite high, its value reflects the attractiveness of tourist territories for visiting by tourists, both Russian and foreign, it amounts to 55.8%. This means that more than half of the regions’ landscape and natural-climatic resources can be used for the development of various types of tourism. For comparison, we present the potential indicators of the main tourist countries (Table 5).

Despite the high indicator of Russia's tourism potential, its impact on the economic development of the regions and the country as a whole is insignificant; the share of tourism in the national gross product (GNP) is just over 1%, while in other developed countries the share of tourism in GNP ranges from 7 to 35%. The main reasons hindering the development of tourism in the Russian Federation are: the insufficiently favorable image of Russia as a tourist power; undeveloped tourist infrastructure; insufficient advertising of the country and its individual territories outside of Russia; lack of competent marketing of tourist areas, etc.

Table 5. Potential indicators of the main tourist countries

However, despite the existing difficulties, Russia is strengthening its position year after year in the highly competitive global market of tourism services, including through a whole range of unique resources and cultural and historical monuments that it has.

The World Tourism Organization has identified a number of promising types of tourism, which are currently developing at an accelerated pace:

• - cultural and educational;
• - business and congress;
• - environmental;
• - rural (agrarian);
• - sports;
• - medical and recreational;
• - thematic, or specialized.

Russia, thanks to its unique natural and cultural potential and the interest of foreign tourists as a new travel destination, has every reason to develop the listed promising types of tourism. The border location of a number of regions of the Russian Federation is also of great importance for the development of tourism in the country, as it creates in them conditions for the development of tourism, focused mainly on the markets of adjacent countries and servicing cross-border tourist flows. Let's consider the tourism potential of the largest regions of the Russian Federation (Table 6)

Tourist resources, which fundamentally form the tourist and recreational potential of territories, are represented by two categories: natural-recreational and recreational-educational. Tourism development zones of federal significance specialize in types of tourism, cities, and regions that are recommended for the development of types of tourism.

The implementation of a tourism business in market conditions can be successfully carried out if the main components are available: capital, modern technologies, human resources, tourism natural and cultural-historical resources. In fact, a complex of factors for the development of tourist territories is necessary. This means that it is not enough to attract financial resources and apply modern technologies; first of all, you need to choose a place where the necessary resources are available or create one, this is the most important task of marketing tourist areas. Tourist destinations, depending on their hosting capacity, are divided into two categories: the first - large cities capable of receiving a large number of tourists; the second is places with a limited territory and limited capacity to receive tourists. The territories of the second type include sea coasts, mountain resorts, national parks, and nature reserves, where the possibilities of receiving tourists are limited due to the need to maintain the ecological balance of the area.

In addition, it should be noted that all tourism resources are not unlimited, they have a certain volume (potential reserve), time of use, operating conditions, and cost. Consequently, tourism and recreational resource science as a special area of ​​research should include the identification, assessment and development of conditions for the operation and protection of tourist and recreational resources. However, the issues of forming the image of tourist territories are at the initial stage of study,

There are not enough domestic specialists who would deal with the image of tourist territories on a professional basis. Meanwhile, creating a well-thought-out image of a tourist area increases its value in the eyes of consumers, which, in turn, increases its market value. A special role in increasing the value of the territory and its market value belongs to the tourist and recreational resources of the territories.

Tourist and recreational resources of the territories - is a collection of natural and man-made objects, necessary for the formation of a tourist product of the territory. This includes natural, historical and socio-cultural objects that can satisfy physiological and spiritual needs, as well as help restore the physical and spiritual health of people.

The main properties of tourism resources include:

• - attractiveness (attractiveness);
• - availability;
• - degree of knowledge;
• - significance for display (entertainment);
• - landscape and video environmental characteristics;
• - socio-demographic characteristics;
• - potential reserve, capacity;
• - methods of use.

Tourist resources are conventionally divided into natural (of natural origin) and artificial (created as a result of human activity). The dynamic development of tourism and recreation requires the development of both resources, since even with the very high value of natural resources, the lack of modern infrastructure, communications, sports and leisure facilities will negatively affect the importance of the territory as a tourist center. Consequently, to form a full-fledged tourist territory, purposeful and systematic activities of all interested parties are needed. In turn, rational and effective activities for the formation of a tourist territory (center) are impossible without in-depth research in the field of assessing the tourist and recreational potential of the territory, since forecasting the capacity of tourist territories makes it possible to determine the maximum permissible loads and, on this basis, develop measures for the environmental protection of territories and reproduction of lost resources. Such events form the basis for the successful development of the tourism business and are the initial basis for the production of a territorial tourism product and planning priority areas of investment policy in the region.

To competently and effectively manage the resource potential of the region, it is necessary to develop and apply the following parameters for its assessment:

• 1) quantitative assessment of resources;
• 2) assessment of the potential structure, the degree of use of private potentials;
• 3) assessing the possibilities of using resources.

Systematic accounting of the state of tourist and recreational

resources and determining their importance in the development of tourism in the region are possible only with the introduction of a system of tourist and recreational cadastres.

Cadastre(from French. cadaster- register) - a systematic collection of information compiled periodically or through continuous observations of an object (land, water, forests, etc.). According to the dictionary of tourist terms cadastre of tourism resources- this is a generalized (economic or environmental) consumer (cost or point) assessment of tourism resources.

The main purpose of creating a cadastre is to identify ways to most effectively use all the prerequisites and conditions for the development of tourism in various regions. To do this, the cadastre must contain a comprehensive description of all tourist resources, including their detailed accounting and classification, qualitative and quantitative assessment of the economic efficiency of development, analysis of use and its main prospects, as well as the most important measures for the protection of tourist and recreational resources.

This involves a complete description of tourist and recreational resources, a quantitative assessment of their attractiveness, time of inspection, area (volume), quality, conditions of development or operation, the number of tourists (recreationists) who can use this resource per unit of time without depleting it and disturbing the ecological balance. In modern conditions of strengthening the role of tourism and recreation in the economic development of territories, assessment issues are of primary importance.

The process of assessing tourism and recreational resources consists of the following stages:

• - highlighting the object of assessment;
• - identification of the subject from whose position the assessment is carried out;
• - formulation of evaluation criteria;
• - development of rating scale parameters.

The scales show the evaluative relationship between the object and the subject of evaluation. Scales can have 3 - 4 or 5 - 6 rating levels. Each stage is an indicator of the intensity of interaction between the property of a given object and the state of the subject. The intensity of the interaction can vary from slight to strong.

For example, the scale for assessing the prerequisites for recreation consists of five steps, each of the steps corresponds to a certain gradation:

• 1) the most favorable;
• 2) favorable;
• 3) moderately favorable;
• 4) unfavorable;
• 5) unfavorable.

The methods used to assess tourism and recreational resources are varied. Let's look at some of them.

When studying natural recreational resources, three types of assessment are used: medical-biological, psychological-aesthetic, and technological.

Medical and biological assessment reflects the influence of natural factors on the human body. Climate plays a leading role here. A number of methods have been developed that make it possible to assess a complex of climatic factors, taking into account their influence on people’s health, which allows for the zoning of territories according to the degree of favorable climatic conditions and the widespread use of climate therapy.

Psychological and aesthetic assessment reflects the degree of emotional impact of the natural landscape and its components on humans. Sights, historical, cultural and architectural monuments located in tourist areas have a special impact. Methods for such assessment are usually complex due to the variety of parameters and subjectivity of assessment criteria. However, work in this direction is being actively carried out.

For example, in the USA, the distribution of tourists across national park areas is being studied. The results of these studies showed that edge zones (border strips between two environments: water - land (strong effect), forest-clearing (medium effect), hill - plain (weak effect) have the highest and most attractive effect).

Among other methods of psychological and aesthetic assessment, the degree of exoticism and uniqueness has recently been studied.

Exoticism is defined as the degree of contrast between the place of rest in relation to the place of permanent residence, and uniqueness- as the degree of uniqueness of objects or phenomena.

Technological assessment allows you to assess the suitability of the territory for a certain type of tourism or recreation, as well as the possibility of its engineering and construction development.

The final stage of the assessment work is the conclusion of the integral assessment and the choice of the assessment form. Typically, two interchangeable forms are used: qualitative and scoring. The strength of a qualitative assessment is that it allows you to logically justify the evaluation features. This approach contributes to a better justification of scoring, the distinctive features of which are brevity of expression, clarity and the possibility of comparison.

An important method for a comprehensive assessment of the resource potential of tourist territories is monitoring of tourist resources. In world practice, computer geographic information systems are used to carry out such monitoring, which involves overlaying information layers on a digital map of the area:

• - geographical data;
• - historical and architectural monuments;
• - data on the region’s infrastructure;
• - economic, environmental, social characteristics;
• - data on tourist and recreational resources.

All this makes it possible to make a quick and large-scale analysis of the region based on the analysis of different information layers.

Self-test tasks

• 1. Determine the role and importance of tourism and recreational resources for the successful development of the territory.
• 2. Describe the main types of tourism resources in accordance with the UN WTO classification.
• 3. Determine the main directions for assessing the resource potential of the territory: quantitative assessment of resources; assessment of the territory's potential structure; assessing the possibilities of using resources.
• 4. Outline the features of the psychological and aesthetic assessment of the territory, show the role and significance of the attractiveness of tourist resources for the formation of the image of a tourist region.
• 5. Show the role and importance of the cadastre of tourism resources for determining the way for the effective development of tourism activities in the region.
• 6. Define the concept of “potential of tourist territories”, list the main approaches to managing the resource potential of tourist territories.

Tourist potential of the territory (concepts and definitions)

The development of tourism to a greater extent is possible only where there is full tourism potential. It is he who determines the creation of a tourism product. What is tourism potential? This is a fairly capacious concept that includes several determinants that determine tourist attractiveness of the territory (Fig. 1.)

Thus, tourism potential can be defined as the totality of all means and opportunities that contribute to the development of tourism in a territory, in other words, the tourist potential of a territory is a set of resources. All resources that form tourism potential can be divided into structural, which form the basic basis of the potential, and functional, which contribute to its disclosure and bringing it to the consumer - a tourist or a recreationist.

A detailed study of each component of these types of resources is one of the main tasks of assessing the tourism potential of the territory where tourism development is planned.

There are certain methodological techniques for studying tourism potential. In total there are six of them

Description

Inventory

Questionnaire research

Mapping

Point grading

SWOT analysis

However, in general, the entire process of studying the tourist potential of the territory can be reduced to three main stages. The first is preliminary, the second is assessment-cartographic, the third is analytical [5, p.38].

At the first stage, basic information about the study area is collected. At the second stage, each element of tourism potential is assessed and this stage ends with the preparation of an integral map of tourism potential. At the third stage, the most attractive properties and fragments of the study area are identified. A conclusion and proposals are made about the development of a specific type of tourist and recreational activity in the identified territories. But the study of tourism potential does not end there, since TTP is not a constant, but a rather dynamic component of the entire resource potential of the territory. Therefore, the study of TTP is a permanent process, the intensity of which does not decrease as tourism develops in the territory, but moves to the next stage - monitoring the TTP resources that change as a result of tourism development.

Thus, the study of tourism potential is the first step in the development of regional tourism in general and the creation of a regional tourism product in frequency. The tourism potential of countries such as Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary is quite rich. The convenient geographical location of these countries, rich history, diverse cultural heritage, favorable natural conditions create the prerequisites for the development of tourism. The main component of tourism potential is tourism resources, a brief description and analysis of which we will consider below.

The issues of the conceptual definition of tourism, its resource and infrastructural components, its spatial, sectoral and functional organization, and the conduct of tour operator and travel agency business are considered. Increased attention is paid to issues of regulation of tourism activities, as well as analysis of the current state and trends in the development of international and domestic tourism. Complies with the content and requirements of the third generation Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education. For undergraduate students studying in the field of “Tourism”, it can also be used in the fields of “Service”, “Hospitality”, “Geography”.

Chapter 2. Tourism potential

2.1. Concept and structure of tourism potential

Features of the definition and structure of tourism potential. A necessary condition for the development of tourism is tourism potential, which can be assessed on different scales: at the level of the world, country, region, etc. Under tourism potential is understood as the entire set of natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic prerequisites for organizing tourism activities in a certain territory. Sometimes tourism potential is the relationship between the actual and maximum possible number of tourists, determined based on the availability of tourist resources, which, according to the authors, is not entirely true.

Very often, tourism potential is understood as the existence on the territory of certain unique or at least interesting objects not only for local residents. Although this is not a completely obligatory sign, but only a desirable option. The tourist potential of a territory is very variable and depends on the characteristics of the sociocultural formation within which it is located. The concept of “tourist potential” includes the concept of “conditions and factors for the development of tourism activities.”

E.A. Dzhandzhugazova in one of her works uses the concept “ tourist values", by which he understands tourism resources or the tourist and recreational potential of territories. By their nature they are heterogeneous, some of them are natural in nature (attractions), some arose as a result of human activity, i.e. created artificially. The boundary between natural and artificial tourist values ​​is not sharply delineated, since there is a group of attractions created both by human activity and by nature itself (for example, artificial reservoirs, beaches, etc.). However, it should be emphasized that tourist values ​​are determined by the formation of a territory with tourist specialization.

The structure of tourism potential is clearly shown in Fig. 2.1, compiled by the authors of the textbook. You can immediately notice that tourism potential includes tourism resources and tourism infrastructure. The first are divided into three main groups - natural, cultural-historical and socio-economic. It should be noted the dual nature of socio-economic resources. These include elements of tourism infrastructure, as well as labor, information, logistics, financial resources, management elements, etc.

Rice. 2.1. Structure of the territory's tourism potential

N.I. Panov uses the concept of “tourist and recreational resources” and writes that “under tourism and recreational resources region, it is necessary to understand the natural-climatic, socio-cultural, historical, archaeological, architectural, scientific-industrial, entertainment, religious and other objects and phenomena that can satisfy human needs in the process and for the purposes of tourism and create an organizational, economic and material basis for development tourism".

Tourist and recreational resources are of paramount importance in tourism management and determine the formation of the tourism industry in a particular region. They form the basis for the successful development of the tourism business, determine the specifics of tourism development in the region, and serve as the initial basis for the production of a tourism product; when planning priority areas of investment policy in the region. Tourist and recreational resources include natural, historical, sociocultural, material and technical, and labor.

The position of A.V. is similar. Darinsky, who claims that “ tourism potential“These are tourism resources, the tourism industry and tourism infrastructure.” N.I. Panov uses the concept throughput potential(ecological, tourist, social, household), showing the capabilities of any tourist object in the form of carrying capacity, i.e. the maximum load that a tourist site can have without serious damage to local resources from tourist trips and the emergence of socio-economic problems among the population.

What needs to be taken into account when determining the prospects for the tourism industry in a particular region? Yu.P. Kovalev believes that when conducting such studies, it is methodically correct to highlight the following aspects:

– identification of existing tourism and recreational potential;

– assessment of the existing tourism and recreational potential;

– assessment of the current state of use of tourism and recreational potential;

– assessment of possibilities for intensifying the use of tourism and recreational potential;

– assessment of factors hindering the development of tourism in the region;

– preparation and implementation of a promising model of the territorial organization of the tourism and recreational sector of the region.

At the same time, significant attention is paid to the use of the concepts “tourist and recreational potential” and “tourist and recreational sphere”. However, the use of these concepts is methodologically not entirely correct. It should be noted that recreation and recreational activities (as mentioned above) include tourism and tourism activities. Therefore, the use of the wording “tourist and recreational” is unjustified, since it obviously contains duplication. The authors recommend separate use of these concepts – “tourist potential” and “recreational potential”.

Identifying the existing tourist and recreational potential is not the most difficult task, since now for almost any long-developed territory there are codes of historical and cultural monuments, natural protected sites, detailed information about objects of the socio-cultural sphere - museums, hotels, restaurants, sanatoriums, recreation centers and etc.

A more difficult aspect is assessing the existing tourist or recreational potential. It must take into account: the uniqueness of existing objects; differences in their availability and density within the region; diversity and complexity of available facilities; their physical condition.

It is no secret that most of the Russian regions are characterized by a low density of tourist and recreational facilities, their poor transport accessibility, poor physical condition and lack of complexity. The only subjects of Russia with high potential include the Moscow, Vladimir and Yaroslavl regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. In all other subjects of the Russian Federation there are features that make it difficult to use or worsen its quality characteristics, which reduces its overall rating.

But, despite this, it is necessary to determine the prospects for using the tourism and recreational potential. Here it is very important to develop a model for organizing the tourism sector of the region, to identify territories that primarily need concentration of efforts and funds for their development, as well as reserve territories and those where the development of tourism infrastructure is inappropriate.

To competently and effectively manage the resource potential of the region, it is necessary to develop and apply the following parameters for its assessment:

– quantitative assessment of resources;

– assessment of the potential structure, the degree of use of private potentials;

– assessment of the possibilities of using resources;

– systematic accounting of the state of tourist and recreational resources and determination of their importance in the development of tourism in the region, which are possible only with the introduction of a system of tourist and recreational cadastres.

There are many methods for assessing the tourism potential of territories. It makes no sense to present all the methods; it is enough just to understand their essence and principles of assessment, as well as the possibilities of practical application.

Assessment of the recreational potential of Russia (according to K.V. Kruzhalin). At the first stage of the study, the main types and forms of international tourism were identified, which are and will be implemented in Russia. First of all, these include educational, entertainment, medical, health and sports tourism. These types of tourism determined a set of indicators that formed the basis for assessing recreational potential and subsequent classification of regions.

At the second stage, a series of maps of a comprehensive assessment of natural resources was created for the development of medical and health tourism, types of natural provinces according to the conditions for organizing sports recreation, the dissemination of educational tourism resources, the ecological state of Russian regions, as well as a map reflecting the level of provision of tourist accommodation facilities. The study used a qualimetric approach, the essence of which is the expert assignment of a certain weight coefficient to each indicator characterizing the recreational potential, followed by the calculation of a weighted average value reflecting the integral assessment of the recreational potential of each of the 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Of the entire set of Russian regions, varying in area and population, 52 are characterized by high And relatively high level of recreational potential. These regions are located mainly in the European part of the country, and seven of them are beyond the Urals and in Altai, around Lake Baikal and in Kamchatka.

Average And low A number of old-developed regions of the European part, as well as the Russian North and Far Eastern regions, have recreational potential. It does not follow from the study that the development of international tourism is impossible in regions with low potential, which occupy about 60% of the country’s territory. These regions have unique natural, cultural, historical and archaeological sites that allow the development of certain types of non-mass tourism. This is primarily extreme, ecological, scientific tourism, etc.

An assessment of the economic and geographical factors and conditions for international tourism in Russia allows us to state that they are noticeably diverse and, in combination with recreational potential, can contribute to the development of international tourism or have a restraining effect on it. Further, based on the study of economic and geographical factors influencing the development of inbound international tourism, we can identify the determining factors relating to our country. These include, first of all, complex indicators that characterize the state and prospects for the economic development of regions, their economic weight and overall investment potential.

Of the entire set of regions, 25 are characterized by favorable And relatively favorable economic and geographical conditions for the development of international tourism. Of these, only six are located in the Asian part of Russia, and 2/3 are in the European part of the country and are stretched into a kind of chain from the northwest (Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions) to the southeast (Republic of Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk region).

To the group with not favorable enough conditions include 45 subjects, i.e. just over 50%. They occupy most of Siberia and the Far East, and are also located in the north and west of the European territory of the country. To the group with unfavorable conditions include 18 subjects, “scattered” throughout Russia, with areas of concentration in the northeast of the country and the south of Siberia.

A comprehensive analysis of the influence of economic-geographical conditions and recreational potential on the development of international tourism allows us to assess the total tourism potential of Russian regions. The conducted research served as the basis for introducing the concept of total tourism potential and allows us to conclude: a region has the best prospects for the development of international tourism if it is characterized by a high level of recreational potential and favorable economic and geographical conditions. In regions with a low level of recreational potential and unfavorable economic and geographical conditions, the development of the international tourism industry is very problematic.

To the first group, characterized favorable conditions for the development of international tourism, and accordingly high total tourist potential, include 21 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, of which only the Novosibirsk and Irkutsk regions are located beyond the Urals. The remaining regions are located relatively compactly in the north-west, center, south and south-east of the European territory of Russia.

In the second group with relatively favorable conditions for the development of international tourism, with the corresponding total tourism potential - 30 regions. This is one of the largest groups in terms of the number of subjects. At the same time, 19 regions are located in a dense ring around the central regions with high tourism potential, which belong to the first group. Six regions are concentrated in the south of Russia and adjacent to the Rostov region and the Krasnodar region. The remaining regions are dispersed along the southern border of the country and are not always adjacent to the regions of the first group.

To the group characterized not favorable enough The total influence on the development of international tourism, and accordingly the average total tourist potential, includes only five regions located in the south of European territory (Voronezh and Volgograd regions), in the south of Western Siberia (Tyumen region) and in the south and center of Siberia (Kemerovo region and Krasnoyarsk region).

To the group characterized unfavorable 32 regions have a cumulative influence on the development of international tourism, and therefore a low total tourism potential. This is the largest group in terms of area (more than 60% of the territory of Russia). Its regions occupy the north, northeast, east and southeast of the country as a single massif. A separate position is occupied by the Bryansk, Tambov, Astrakhan, Kurgan regions, the Republics of Kalmykia, Tyva and Khakassia, and the Chechen Republic.

The study allowed us to conclude that 51 regions of Russia, occupying almost 40% of the country’s territory, have high and relatively high total tourism potential. These are mainly old-developed recreational areas with an established socio-economic infrastructure, possessing sufficiently studied and developed recreational resources and a diverse natural and cultural heritage. In terms of overall investment potential, they belong to the “core” or “satellite” regions and are assessed as large and medium-sized “growth poles” in terms of economic development prospects.

Analysis of the territorial differentiation of foreign tourist flows in accordance with the total tourism potential allows us to draw conclusions about its implementation and determine the prospects for the further development of international tourism in the constituent entities of Russia. Statistics on the arrival of foreign citizens by regions of Russia are not kept at the federal level. In the current circumstances, the State Statistics Committee of Russia in the statistical collection “Tourism in Russia”, based on a survey of heads of tourism enterprises, published data for 1999 on the number of received tourists, the analysis of which determined the share of visits by foreign tourists to Russian regions in the total number of tourists. On this basis, the subjects of the Russian Federation are divided into three groups.

To the first group of subjects, frequently visited by foreigners, with a share of foreign tourists of the total number of tourists (including domestic ones) of more than 50%, there are 20 regions. All of them are peripheral (with the exception of Moscow) and are located along the state border of the country from the Kaliningrad region to the Primorsky Territory (within the main settlement zone), which in some cases contributes to intensive cross-border business tourism and shopping tourism. This group also includes Moscow and St. Petersburg - traditional leaders in terms of attendance by foreign citizens.

In the second group of subjects with average attendance and with a share of foreign tourists of the total number of 10-50%, 18 regions fall, located both along the state border and adjacent to the regions of the first group. Some of the regions of this group, such as Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir and a number of other regions, are developed tourist areas. The third group of subjects, rarely visited, with the share of foreign tourists from the total number of less than 10%, includes 44 regions. They occupy an internal geographical location, and there are no clearly defined patterns in their placement.

Thus, a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation are characterized by a high overall tourism potential and frequent visits by foreign tourists. This is typical primarily for Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Samara, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk regions and some other regions where international tourism is developing at a high pace.

There are regions with a high level of total tourism potential and low share of visits by foreign tourists(less than 50%). These include: Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Belgorod, Rostov, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, Perm and Krasnodar territories, the Republic of Tatarstan. This does not mean that the number of foreign citizens received and served in these regions is small. As a rule, these regions are characterized by high absolute rates of receiving both foreign and domestic tourists. The prospects for the further development of international tourism here are high, especially taking into account the fact that the development of domestic tourism contributes to the development of international tourism.

In a number of regions with a low level of total tourism potential, there is still active visits by foreign citizens. This is typical for the Murmansk, Amur and Sakhalin regions, the Republic of Karelia, the Jewish Autonomous Okrug, Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories. An analysis of the specifics of these regions gives grounds to assert that the flow of foreign citizens entering them will continue to increase, which is explained primarily by the development of business tourism associated with the intensification of trade relations and cross-border economic cooperation with neighboring countries (the creation of joint ventures, shopping tourism, simplification entry and exit, etc.). The development of business tourism gives impetus to the development of “clean” tourism, the expansion of services offered, and the formation of tourism infrastructure.

The northern and northeastern regions of Russia are characterized by a completely natural combination of a low level of total tourism potential and low attendance by foreign citizens. This does not mean that the development of international tourism here is impossible, since in these regions there are unique natural, cultural and historical sites that are of great interest for the implementation of certain types of non-mass, but highly profitable scientific and environmental tourism.

Assessment of the natural and recreational potential of the territory(according to I.A. Bashalkhanov and L.B. Bashalkhanova). The natural and recreational potential of the territory is one of the leading prerequisites for the development of tourism. A comprehensive analysis of territories with high natural resource potential, based on the use of systemic methodology, suggests the following. In relation to recreational territories, it is important to identify a number of its properties: the level of recreational resources, their potential, natural and socio-economic integrity, demand in the present and future.

The quality of recreational resources reflects a person’s perception of those properties of natural complexes that in an integral form express his most unique consumer properties, including from the point of view of restoring human health, his psychological, physical and emotional state. The assessment is based on the following provisions:

– high quality of recreation is ensured only by a variety of opportunities (therapeutic, sports, educational, aesthetic, etc.);

– pristine, unusual, originality of recreational resources determine their universal value;

– the human need to communicate with “wild nature” is natural and must certainly be satisfied;

– natural recreational resources are irreplaceable, exhaustible, and have limited possibilities for restoration.

Based on the initial provisions, a methodological approach to assessing the recreational potential of the territory has been developed. At the first stage, a qualitative scoring scale was compiled for each component: relief, climate, surface waters, flora and fauna, hydromineral resources, natural and cultural-historical monuments.

A comfortable or uncomfortable climate favors relaxation or limits a person’s stay in the open air. The greatest potential is in areas with a favorable climate that have no restrictions on the regime and types of outdoor recreation. An increase in climate discomfort, caused by a combination of atmospheric parameters that limit a person’s stay in the open air, leads to a decrease in the recreational value of the territory.

One of the important components of the landscape for humans, which determines the quality of their recreation, is water, both surface and underground. The recreational significance of a particular territory is differentiated depending on the temperature regime of open water bodies, one of the main limiting factors, the area of ​​their water area, natural river obstacles attractive for various sports, high-quality drinking and variety of mineral waters.

When assessing the merits of other natural components, the attractiveness of the landscape was taken into account through the diversity of their forms.

In addition, the following were additionally taken into account: when assessing the relief - panoramic and picturesque views, steepness of the slopes; when assessing the flora and fauna - rare and endangered species, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the region, undisturbed vegetation, reserves for the protection of individual animal species and complex, migratory species; when assessing hydromineral resources - their quantity, significance for regional and regional use. Unique cultural monuments and natural objects of national scale are noted: mountain systems, lakes and rivers, specially protected natural areas, considered treasure troves of the gene pool of flora and fauna.

As a result, the most attractive areas are those with the broadest opportunities for the development of recreational services, leaving the right to choose the type of recreation to the individual. The recreational value of the territory decreases as the diversity of landscape components decreases; it is of the least importance with a monotonous topography, a harsh climate that limits time spent in the open air for a long time, with a shortage of water, poorly represented flora and fauna, and the absence of historical and cultural heritage sites. The total quality score (in points) varies in five ranges: up to 50, 51-150, 151-300, 301-600 and more than 600, which corresponds to variations in the attractiveness coefficient from very low (0.2) to very high (1.0 ) and reflects the degree of existing differences in typical landscape, biodiversity, natural monuments and historical and cultural heritage, favorable climate and waters for human recreation.

The assessment basis for determining the recreational potential is based on theoretical calculations of specific capacity, according to N.F. Reimers (1990), – 4 man-days per year per hectare of tourist territory. Such low standards guarantee the quality of recreation, the absence of a negative reaction from the environment and its preservation for a sufficiently long period.

2.2. Tourist resources

Tourism as a branch of the economy has a clear focus on the use of natural, cultural and historical resources. This is manifested in the fact that he:

– causes migration of people to places where tourist resources are concentrated;

– involves previously unused natural and cultural complexes and their elements into economic circulation;

– comprehensively uses natural, cultural and historical resources;

– due to the multi-purpose use of natural resources, it places very diverse demands on natural complexes;

– successfully combines with other types of environmental management - agriculture and forestry, fishing, mining, while placing demands on natural complexes in terms of attractiveness, comfort, diversity and accessibility;

– influences nature and culture through the consumer – tourist;

– characterized by interest in regulating anthropogenic impacts on natural and cultural complexes;

– as a branch of the economy it is economically effective: the work of tourism workers is aimed not at nature and culture, but directly at the person, at restoring his physical, mental and intellectual strength.

In the USSR, tourism was considered as a type of recreation, one of the types of active recreation. Therefore, the concept of “tourist resources” was often equated with the concept of “recreational resources”. N.P. Krachilo gives the following definition: “Under recreational resources one should understand the combination of components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values, which act as conditions for satisfying human recreational needs.”

Many authors use the concept " tourist and recreational resources of the territories“as “a set of natural and artificially created objects necessary for the formation of the tourist product of the territory.” This includes natural, historical and socio-cultural objects that can satisfy physiological and spiritual needs, as well as help restore the physical and spiritual health of people. The main properties of tourist resources include: attractiveness (attractiveness); availability; degree of knowledge; significance for display (entertainment); landscape, video-ecological and socio-demographic characteristics; potential reserve, capacity; methods of use.

The Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” (as amended on February 5, 2007) gives a different concept, but similar in meaning: “ Tourist resources– natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual and other needs of tourists, help maintain their vital functions, restore and develop their physical strength.”

Tourism is based on the targeted and reasonable use of tourism resources, the essence of which are objects of tourist interest that are potentially capable of satisfying the needs of people arising in the process of tourism. Where there are no tourist resources, tourism cannot exist in principle. Some tourist resources involve only tourism on a limited scale, since in this case visiting objects of tourist interest may be associated with danger to human life, or this interest has a short-term resource according to some indicators, most often temporary.

Tourist resources create the opportunity to expand the production of a tourist product, determined by the assets, reserves, internal reserves of a tourist organization, as well as natural and social conditions: a set of natural, health, cultural and other resources that can satisfy the various demands and needs of tourists. Tourist resources are available for review and use regardless of the form of ownership, unless there are restrictions established by law.

They are quantitatively limited and qualitatively differentiated, therefore, they act as an economic good, a product that requires significant costs for reproduction. In economic terms, these are the factors of production of the tourism product, since their differentiation gives rise to differences in the results of economic use.

Tourist resources are a national treasure. However, some of them, which are of particular importance, are classified as objects and monuments of world significance. This list is established and updated annually by UNESCO. All cultural monuments and natural sites are under state protection; UN funds are also allocated for the maintenance and preservation of monuments and objects of world significance.

Tourist resources have a number of common properties. Firstly, they are historical, i.e. may change as tourist needs, technical, economic and social opportunities grow. For example, swamps, industrial enterprises, old machinery, equipment, etc. become tourist resources (objects of tourist display). Secondly, they are territorial, i.e. occupy large areas; recreation as a socio-economic phenomenon already requires territories almost equal to those used by agriculture and forestry. Thirdly, they play an organizing role, contributing to the formation of special tourist destinations, areas and zones that have one or another specialization, a set of tourist enterprises and a system of tourist routes.

The specific properties of tourism resources are integrity, dynamism, capacity, reliability, attractiveness, sustainability, etc.

Integrity is understood as the interconnection of all resources: food facilities, hotel facilities, transport, etc.

Capacity– the ability to include resources from other sectors of the economy that do not have close contact with tourism.

Sustainability tourism resources on the scale of the national economy means non-violation of the economic balance. That is, the tourism industry uses those natural conditions and resources that have remained unclaimed by other sectors of the national economy, so there is no overlap of interests.

Reliability in the tourism sector is determined primarily by socio-political conditions.

Attractiveness (attractiveness)– the main property of tourism resources. It is this that makes the object the subject of tourist display.

Uniqueness a tourist site can arouse the interest of a person living anywhere in the world, giving it global significance and status.

Educational value– the connection of the object with a specific historical subject, the life and work of famous people, aesthetic merits.

Recreational value– the possibility of using the facility to organize recreation and recreation for tourists.

Fame– popularity of the tourist site among tourists.

Exoticism– the degree of contrast of objects, their unusualness in relation to the conditions of the place of permanent residence of tourists.

Expressiveness– interaction of an object with the environment, buildings, structures, nature.

Safety– the condition of the object, its readiness for the organized reception of tourists.

Basic requirements for tourism resources by consumers:

– use of natural values ​​(examination of natural attractions, protected areas, overview of the landscape);

– use of cultural property (examination of historical, cultural, architectural monuments, visiting museums, exhibitions, theaters);

– the opportunity to engage in sports (hiking, water, skiing, cycling, auto and motorcycle trips, walks, swimming, sports games);

– amateur activities (fishing, hunting).

There are many different classifications of tourism resources. First of all, they are divided into two large groups: direct and indirect. The first group includes mainly natural and historical and cultural resources used by tourists and vacationers themselves (for example, the attractiveness of the landscape, recreational facilities of the area, objects of knowledge). Indirect (socio-economic) resources are attracted for the development and use of direct tourism resources. They are divided into material, technical, financial, labor, etc.

Based on their functionality, tourism resources are divided into health-improving, educational and sports. At the same time, the natural and aesthetic value of the territory, which enhances or, conversely, reduces the functional qualities, is of great importance. The cognitive properties of the territory are determined by natural and socio-cultural objects (historical and cultural monuments, museums, national characteristics and traditions of the population, unique objects of nature, culture, industry).

N.P. Krachilo divides the entire complex of tourist resources into three groups:

natural: climate, water resources, mineral springs and healing mud, relief, caves, flora and fauna, natural monuments and reserves, picturesque landscapes, unique natural objects;

cultural-historical: museums, exhibitions, theaters, archaeological, historical, architectural monuments, ethnographic features, folklore, applied arts centers;

socio-economic: transport accessibility of the territory and the level of development of the transport network, economic and geographical location, the level of its economic development, modern and promising territorial organization, level of provision of services to the population, labor resources, characteristics of the population.

The classifications of tourism resources proposed by the Polish economist M. Troissy and the French economist P. Defert are popular. The classification of M. Troisy is based on the division of tourism resources into those created and not created by human labor. In his works, he identifies three groups of tourism resources: natural, defined as “potential tourist capital”; created by human labor; “additional” (infrastructure, economic amenities).

Unlike M. Troissy, P. Defert does not classify infrastructure and economic amenities as tourist resources. He divides all tourist resources into four groups: hydrome (water bodies); phytom (earth, nature); lit (created by human labor, for example, architecture); anthropom (intangible types of human activity - customs, holidays, rituals, mores, etc.).

Depending on the purpose of the trip, a variety of natural resources can be considered. Tourist area or water area– a geographically defined place of concentration of the most valuable tourist resources, as well as objects of tourist interest, allocated as part of a tourist region with indication in registers, cadastres and other types of documentation with the introduction of a regime of priority targeted operation and use for tourism purposes within its boundaries.

Tourist resources are recorded in cadastre of tourism resources, defined as a generalized (economic or environmental) consumer (cost or point) assessment of tourist resources. It must be presented in regional or thematic forms.

There are also other types of recreational and tourist resources. In particular, we can distinguish such types as natural healing and tourist information. Natural healing resources are intended for treatment and recreation of the population and belong to specially protected natural objects and territories, which have their own characteristics in use and protection. Tourist information resources– information about the territory, its history, culture, nature and people received by tourists during the trip, in preparation for it or after some time.

The basis for the use of tourist resources and tourist sites for tourism purposes are tourist interest and tourist impression.

Tourist interest– the prospect of a tourist receiving objective information, positive emotions and (or) the potential opportunity to satisfy the planned need of a tourist for a specific, partially known tourist service (work), tourist product and tourism product, based on a certain set of tourist resources.

Objects of tourist interest– attractions, natural objects and natural-climatic zones, socio-cultural objects of display and others that can satisfy the needs of a tourist in the process of a tourist trip or travel, and the needs of tourist services and (or) a tourist product and (or) a tour, adequately for direct or related purposes tour.

However, in order to actually use these objects for tourism purposes, proper infrastructure and the tourism industry are needed, which will ensure that tourists receive the necessary information about this tourist object, sufficient to confidently motivate the choice of travel to this particular area and to this object; comfortable and safe delivery of tourists to this area; accommodation; nutrition; entertainment.

Under tourist impression one should understand the complex of emotions, usually positive, the mental and physical state of a tourist, which arose or was achieved by him as a result of the consumption of tourist services (work), the purchase of tourist goods, and the consumption of a tourist product.

The tourist experience arises when taking an excursion, viewing beautiful natural landscapes, visiting attractions, restaurants, or staying in a hotel. The tourist impression of tourist resources and the tour as a whole consists of many components. Since tourism in its main focus is intended to satisfy a person’s need for relaxation and entertainment, the buyer of tourism services naturally plans or intends to receive positive emotions in the process of learning, healing, and adventure.

2.3. Tourist sites and their complexes

Tourist complexes are urban planning formations of various functional profiles, consisting of tourist institutions, united by a single architectural and planning solution, a common spatial composition and organization of services. A tourist complex is also understood as a set of tourist establishments of different functions with a capacity of more than 1 thousand places, united by one functional program (treatment, recovery, recreation, business meetings and events, etc.).

Tourist object– a special urban planning education focused on providing tourists with a given volume of services and implementing specialized tourism programs. World practice demonstrates a great many examples of the construction of tourist facilities. The range of types of tourism objects (buildings, structures and their complexes) is distinguished by diversity and diversity, due to the richness of combinations of various forms of recreation and the structure of the contingent of vacationers. This gives rise to the need to classify tourist complexes.

Types of tourist objects are usually classified on the basis of various characteristics: stationarity, seasonality of operation, functional specificity, size. They are named by a number of authors and form the basis of classifications presented in the specialized and normative literature.

One of the signs of differences in recreational facilities is stationarity. Stationary structures– non-movable objects, which include all permanent buildings designed for continuous use until complete depreciation. Non-stationary structures– those that can be moved to another place, i.e. all transportable structures for overnight accommodation and serving vacationers: tents, trailers, prefabricated houses, etc. Non-stationary tourist objects are divided into stable (tents, houses) and mobile (caravans, tourist boats).

Another division criterion is seasonality of operation, in connection with which there is a distinction between tourist sites with year-round and seasonal (say, only summer or, conversely, only winter) operation. Both stationary and non-stationary objects can be year-round or seasonal.

Stationary and non-stationary tourist buildings and devices in their various combinations, together with accompanying structures and engineering infrastructure, form tourist complexes (centers), where the bulk of vacationers are concentrated. Complexes, like individual buildings and structures, may have one or another functional specialization: multifunctional tourist complexes, which combine the functions of resort treatment and recreation, or recreation and tourism, or recreation for adults and children, and specialized ones, where specialization dominates (for example, children's recreation centers, sports and recreational complexes, spa treatment centers).

The next criterion for dividing tourist objects is their magnitude, or power (capacity), expressed by the number of overnight accommodations or the number of vacationers at peak load, i.e. on the day of the peak season. The size of the tourist complex most noticeably influences both the very construction of its structure, service system, organization of transport communications, and the nature and scale of transformation of the natural environment.

There are various recommendations on the optimal size of tourist complexes. Thus, for coastal territories with vast expanses of water areas and large beaches, the capacity of tourist complexes is assumed to range from 2 thousand to 10 thousand places. Tourist centers formed on the basis of lakes and rivers, where tourist resources are lower, usually have a smaller capacity and are divided into small - up to 500 places, medium - 500-2.5 thousand places, large - more than 2.5 thousand places. For the northern regions, the following capacity of tourist centers is recommended: for centers of year-round use - 2-15 thousand people, for centers of seasonal (winter or summer) use - 1-7 thousand, for specialized ones - 0.5-2 thousand.

The world experience of tourism construction shows examples of the construction of both ultra-large, with very high capacity, tourist complexes, and small, almost miniature ones. In view of this, it is permissible to classify tourist complexes by number of vacationers into mini-complexes with a capacity of up to 0.5 thousand people, complexes with a capacity of 0.5-2 thousand, macro-complexes with a capacity of 2-5 thousand and mega-complexes with a capacity of over 5 thousand. The term “tourist center”, which can often be found in the literature in as a synonym for the word “complex”, refers to macro- and mega-complexes.

One of the leading trends in global, including domestic, construction practice in recent years has been a decrease in the popularity of large tourist complexes in favor of small ones, in particular, such as small boarding houses and holiday homes, tourist centers and shelters, and camping villages. This indicates the preference for the formation of small tourist complexes in a network of tourist facilities, subordinate in scale to the natural environment, contrasted in their architectural design with powerful recreation centers with a high degree of urbanization.

Tourist complexes are not only buildings, structures, and other artificial and technical objects, but also the territory itself with all the features of its natural landscape. At the same time, it is the quality of the landscape that determines the tourist opportunities (potential) of the territory and serves as the motivating reason for the intention to build any tourist device. Here the second key problem arises - the choice of location for a tourist site. Experts attach great importance to the location of tourism objects, especially when it comes to the placement of elite tourist complexes.

Recently, the problem of assessing territories for tourist use has been actively studied by architects, geographers, psychologists, and specialists in the field of tourism; it is widely discussed in the specialized press. There are several approaches to assessment; what they have in common is that they are all aimed at a detailed study of certain factors (resources and conditions) of tourism activity. As a rule, relief, climate, reservoirs and watercourses, vegetation (woody vegetation separately), transport accessibility, and tourist infrastructure (buildings, complexes, engineering systems) are assessed.

The difficulty of assessing a territory for tourism purposes is that different types of tourism activities require different resources and conditions. The main types of tourist and recreational activities include recreational and recreational (walking, beach and swimming recreation, non-category tourist trips, etc.), sports and recreational (all types of amateur sports), recreational and educational (excursions into nature and cultural historical places) and recreational and commercial (hunting, fishing, picking berries, mushrooms, herbariums, etc.). Moreover, each type of activity requires an individual approach regarding the grouping of assessed factors and reading their meaning. Attention should be paid not only to positive, but also to negative factors that may limit or even exclude the use of the territory for tourism and recreational purposes.

The methodology for tourist assessment of a territory should include an interconnected study of the main aspects of the territorial organization of recreation and provide for their comprehensive analysis, based on a systematic methodology. Positive opportunities for solving the problem of tourist assessment of the territory and choosing a place for placing recreational complexes are provided by the apparatus of multivariate statistics, in particular the methods of factor analysis.

In their most general form, they are matrix transformations and calculus. The initial stage is the selection of study units and the selection of features. All information collected during the analysis is presented in the form of a data table, in which the rows correspond to a large number of territorial units, and the columns correspond to a variety of characteristics describing their ecological state, recreational, and national economic significance. This form allows for a scoring of the territory across the entire range of aspects.

Carrying out a comprehensive assessment using factor analysis methods involves step-by-step implementation of the following procedures (assessment stages):

1st step– identification and grouping of factors (signs) by which the assessment is carried out;

2nd step– determination of the intensity and level of the factor (sign);

3rd step– development of evaluation criteria and rating scales;

4th step– carrying out a scoring for each single factor;

5th step– carrying out a comprehensive scoring assessment for the entire group of factors;

6th step– ranking and categorization of territory units with establishment of their priority.

In existing methods, the landscape and its fragments are subject to tourist assessment. Any area (landscape) from the point of view of recreation and tourism can attract and attract or, conversely, repel. Let's call these properties of the area attractive (attracting) and repellent (repulsive). Attractiveness– the main systemic property of tourist resources, natural and cultural-historical sites, indicating their tourist value. Attractiveness of tourist activities– individual or group attractiveness of tourism activities and their combinations.

Specialists in the field of recreational geography strive in one way or another to characterize such an aspect of landscapes as their attractiveness. They identify a number of criteria by which it could be assessed. For example, A.D. Volkov and A.N. Gromtsev believes that the leading features that determine the recreational quality of a landscape are the contrast of relief forms, the mosaic and typological spectrum of forests, the presence of water bodies, berry and mushroom grounds, and transport accessibility. Let us bring into the system those manifestations that determine the attractive properties of the area. Three blocks of such properties can be distinguished: topological, functional and aesthetic.

Unique (individual, inimitable) places are attractive, defined by the adjective “most” (largest, highest, deepest, etc.). Any registered natural monument should be considered a unique area, and the higher the status of such a monument, the higher the indicator of its uniqueness. Territories where ordinary recreational resources are woven into a tangle of rare rich combinations are highly attractive, for example: forest, lake, river, mountains, flat areas - all in one place. Here the mosaic, compositional properties of the landscape come to the fore. What matters is the presence and quality of water bodies - rivers, lakes, reservoirs, woody vegetation - coniferous or mixed forests, clumps and groves. They enrich the landscape, create additional recreational opportunities and increase the attractiveness of landscapes. This topological characteristics of the area.

Taking into account the utilitarian, consumer needs of a person in relation to nature, attractive places should include places that have favorable conditions for amateur crafts (mushroom and berry picking, fishing, non-industrial hunting of animals and birds) or for gardening. Rich phyto- and zooresources are a necessary condition for amateur fisheries, soil fertility, flat areas are a condition for the alienation of territory for gardening and dacha development. This functional (utilitarian) characteristics of the area.

The most difficult characteristic to formalize is aesthetic qualities of the place. The concept of “aesthetics of a place”, used here, reflects its ability to influence the nervous system and psycho-emotional sphere of the tourist with its certain qualities. The determining factor is the emergence of positive emotions. Aesthetic qualities can with great difficulty be formulated and expressed in the form of categories that have corresponding significance for design. However, despite these difficulties, some scientists believe that it is the aesthetic approach to landscape planning that will attract keen interest in the future.

Along with attractive properties, the area may have repellent properties. A high proportion of repellent properties can reduce the tourist potential of a place to zero. The repellent qualities of a place include a large number of animals and plants that are dangerous and harmful to humans (insect carriers, for example encephalitis ticks, poisonous reptiles or plants, predatory animals); in the mountains, these include the high probability of rock slides, mudflows, snow melting Avalanche Midges (midges, mosquitoes, horseflies, flies) also significantly reduce the attractiveness of the area for recreation. Geochemical anomalies of the area (natural radioactive background, natural chemical pollution, etc.) can also be classified as dangerous.

It is worth dwelling on one more aspect of the creation and subsequent functioning of tourist facilities and complexes - the features and principles of their inclusion in the system of tourist routes. The classification of tourist routes will be given in paragraph 3.4. In the work of L.G. Lukyanova and V.I. Tsybukh graphically presents the basic principles of placing tourist sites and complexes in the system of tourist routes (Fig. 2.2).

They also attach a special role to the relationship between the transport and stationary components in the organization of tourist routes, which are implemented in three main forms:

1) use only the transport component for tourists’ accommodation - sea and river cruise ships, tourist and excursion trains;

2) use only the stationary component for accommodation at the beginning, end and intermediate points of aviation, bus and automobile routes;

3) combined use of transport and stationary components for accommodation, which have a flexible form of tourism organization and have year-round operation - combined motor ship and railway routes.

Rice. 2.2. Principles for placing tourist complexes in the system of tourist routes:

a – principles of organizing tourist establishments along the route; b – diagrams of tourist routes: 1 – linear; 2 – radial; 3 – ring; 4 – mixed

2.4. Tourist establishments

One of the most important elements of tourism potential and the main requirements for the development of the tourism industry is tourism infrastructure, the totality of which forms a tourism network. Tourist network– a set of tourist institutions located in the country (republic, region, district) - medical and recreational recreation, sports and educational tourism.

The main indicator of the development of the tourist network is the density of tourist establishments, equal to the number of places in them per 1000 km 2 of territory. In accordance with this, territories are divided into highly, moderately and poorly developed tourist areas. The functional difference of tourist institutions is due to their orientation towards one or another type of tourism activity. The same factor determines the degree of development of their material base. Under material base of tourism is understood as a set of material and material elements of productive forces used for the production of tourism services. It is used only by recreationists, as opposed to the tourism infrastructure.

Due to the diversity of functional orientation, the tourism industry is divided into several sub-sectors, the most important, oldest and most developed of which combines medical and recreational institutions - sanatoriums, sanatoriums, boarding houses with treatment, holiday homes, boarding houses and recreation centers. Therapeutic recreation institutions have the most powerful material resources. This is due to the fact that tourists’ recreation there is combined with treatment, which requires serious medical equipment.

It depends on two reasons: the main natural healing factors used in the health resort, and on its profile. According to the dominant natural healing resource, resorts are divided into climatic, where the main healing factor is the bioclimate, balneological, in which treatment is based on the use of mineral waters, and mud. It is possible to combine various natural resources at resorts: climatic-balneological or climatic-mud, climatic-balneological and mud resorts. The profile of the sanatorium is determined by the diseases that are treated there: tuberculosis, nervous, gastrointestinal, cardiological, respiratory, etc.

End of introductory fragment.