Colloquial words examples from the dictionary. Spoken words

Colloquial words* of colloquial style vocabulary include those words that, while giving speech a relaxed, informal character, are at the same time devoid of rudeness. This: spinner, superlative, imagine, back home, just about, warrior, know-it-all, all kinds, stupid, talkative, dirty, delicate, antediluvian, up to here, ugly, fidgety, skittish, living creature, cutesy, a sight for sore eyes, bully, bullying, waiting too long, binge-watching, zaum, big guy, onlooker, tomorrow, know, in vain, cram, cramming, dodge, mess, trick, personnel officer, tower(about a very tall person) hang around, here and there, here and there, scribble, lazy, slothful, boy, crybaby, fawn, rhyme weaver, poems, scribbling, pocket, prevaricate, hype, hack, what the hell and many others.

* Like the term “bookish,” the term “colloquial” is used both in relation to all words characteristic of casual conversation (as part of the term “colloquial style vocabulary”), and in relation to a certain part of these words.

A considerable part of colloquial words expresses the attitude towards the named object, phenomenon, action, property, attribute and their emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, fidget, baby, boy, cute(affectionate); antediluvian, drip, rhymes, fight, battle(ironic); imagine, brainstorm, cramming, dodge, fawn, scribble, pocket, inveterate, prevaricate, hack(dismissive), etc.

The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is created by the portability of their meanings - battle("noisy quarrel"), the vinaigrette("about the confusion of heterogeneous concepts and objects"), kennel(“about a cramped, dark, dirty room”), tower("about a very tall man"), stick("to pester with something annoyingly"), dragonfly("O a living, active girl, girl"), etc. - or by the transferability of the meaning of the root of the word - pocket, inveterate, prevaricate etc. In other cases, the emotionality of words is caused by the corresponding suffix: daughter, boy, leg, legs, poems etc.

But not all spoken words can express an emotional assessment. Don't have this ability usherette, take a nap, really, back home, just about, here, tricky, personnel officer, soda, bad luck, undressed, renewed, in an embrace, nickel, smoke break, instantly, chicken out, like, carpentry and etc.

Colloquial words (especially those that do not contain any emotional evaluation) are close to cross-style vocabulary. However, they are still different from her. This is easiest to detect if you “place” them in a business official context, where they, unlike interstyle words, will turn out to be foreign. And this is explained by those features of colloquial words that make them colloquial, at least slightly, but reduced: either by their evaluativeness, or by some “liberty” and at the same time inaccuracy of form (cf. colloquial soda, which, firstly, is shortened compared to the interstyle sparkling water, and secondly, “imprecise” in the sense that it can refer to anything that is saturated with gas; Wed from this point of view and nickel, nickel And five kopecks etc.).

In explanatory dictionaries, colloquial words are given with the mark “colloquial.”, to which is often added a mark indicating what is expressed by the word emotional assessment(“joking.”, “ironic.”, “disdainful.”, “affectionate.”, etc.).

An important feature of colloquial vocabulary is that it is one of the literary means of expression.

Writing a bright, memorable book is difficult. But some authors know how to win the attention of an impressive readership with their works. What is the secret of their success? We will try to find out in this article how they achieve universal recognition.

Common language

Colloquial vocabulary - words with a rude, stylistically reduced and even vulgar connotation, which are located beyond the boundaries of the literary syllable. They are not characteristic of the exemplary, bookish style, but are familiar to various groups of society and are a cultural and social characteristic of those people who do not speak a written language. Such words are used in certain types of conversation: in humorous or familiar speech, in verbal skirmishes, and the like.

In general, colloquial vocabulary refers to non-literary vocabulary that is used in people’s conversations. At the same time, she cannot be rude and have special expression. It includes, for example, the following words: “inside”, “enough”, “for free”, “theirs”, “the other day”, “for the time being”, “unlikely”, “in bulk”, “to wear out”, “nonsense”, “blurt out”, “hard worker”, “fight back”, “brainy”.

Notes in dictionaries indicating a reduced style of words and their meanings, giving them a negative rating, are countless. Colloquial vocabulary most often contains an evaluative-expressive tone.

In it you can also find generally accepted sayings, differing only in their accentology and phonetics (“tabatorka” instead of “snuffbox”, “serious” instead of “serious”).

Reasons for use

Colloquial vocabulary in different types dialect is used according to various reasons: the author's direct attitude to what is being described, pragmatic motives (journalistic phrases), expressive themes and outrageousness (colloquial words), characterological motives (artistic phrases). In official business and scientific conversations, colloquial vocabulary is perceived as a foreign style element.

Indelicate style

Rough colloquial vocabulary has a weakened, expressive, impolite connotation. It consists, for example, of the following words: “riffraff”, “big guy”, “stupid”, “face”, “pot-bellied”, “talker”, “muzzle”, “grunt”, “bast shoe”, “bitch”, “ to kill", "slam", "bastard", "rude". It includes extreme vulgarisms, that is, (indecent language). In this style you can find words with exceptional colloquial meanings (most often metamorphic) - “to whistle” (“to steal”), “so it cuts” (“speaks smartly”), “to dash off” (“to write”), “to weave” ( “talk nonsense”), “hat” (“bungler”), “vinaigrette” (“mash”).

Everyday style

It is one of the basic categories of the vocabulary of the writing language, along with the neutral and book genre. It forms words known mainly in dialogical phrases. This style is focused on informal conversations in an atmosphere of interpersonal communication (relaxed communication and expression of attitudes, thoughts, feelings towards the subject of conversation), like units of other tiers of language, operating mainly in colloquial phrases. Therefore, everyday expressions are characterized by an expressive, diminished coloring.

The spoken genre is divided into two basic layers of unequal capacity: written vernacular and everyday vocabulary.

Vocabulary of oral speech

What is colloquial and vernacular vocabulary? Everyday vocabulary consists of words characteristic of oral types of communicative practice. Conversational phrases are heterogeneous. They are located below neutral sayings, but depending on the degree of literature, this vocabulary is divided into two significant groups: colloquial and vernacular lexicons.

Everyday includes terms that give the conversation a touch of informality and spontaneity (but not crudely colloquial words). From the point of view of the attribute of parts of speech, dialogue vocabulary, like neutral vocabulary, is diverse.

These include:

nouns: “witty”, “big guy”, “nonsense”;
adjectives: “sloppy”, “careless”;
adverbs: “in one’s own way”, “at random”;
interjections: “oh”, “bai”, “lies”.

The everyday vocabulary, despite its subdued nature, does not go beyond the boundaries of the literary Russian language.

Colloquial vocabulary is lower in style than everyday vocabulary, and therefore is placed outside the standardized literary Russian speech. It is divided into three categories:

grammatically shown by adjectives (“dragged”, “pot-bellied”), verbs (“drowsy”, “lost”), nouns (“big”, “stupid”), adverbs (“lousy”, “foolishly”). These words are heard most often in conversations of poorly educated individuals, determining their cultural level. Sometimes they are found in conversations of intelligent people. The expressiveness of these words, their semantic and emotional capacity sometimes make it possible to expressively and briefly show an attitude (usually negative) towards an object, phenomenon or person.
The rudely colloquial vocabulary differs from the rudely expressive one. high level swagger. These are, for example, the following words: “hailo”, “harya”, “murlo”, “turnip”, “grunt”, “rylnik”. These sayings are eloquent; they are capable of conveying the negative attitude of the speaker to some episodes. Due to excessive savagery, it is unacceptable in the conversations of cultured people.
Actually a colloquial lexicon. It includes a small number of words that are unliterary not because they are clumsy (they are not rude in expressive coloring and meaning) or have an abusive character (they do not have abusive semantics), but because they are not advised to be used by educated people in conversations. These are words such as “ahead of time”, “just now”, “dear”, “I suppose”, “born”. This type of vocabulary is also called vernacular and differs from dialect only in that it is used both in the city and in the countryside.

Synonyms

Synonyms in colloquial and literary vocabulary very often simultaneously differ in the degree of expressiveness and expressiveness:

head - galangal, noggin;
face - image, muzzle;
legs are kags.

Often in conversations there are not only synonyms as such, but also colloquial variants literary words, including grammatical ones:

to her - to her;
always - always;
he has eaten - he has eaten;
theirs - theirs;
from there - from there, fromtedova;
goodbye - goodbye.

Creativity of M. Zoshchenko

Many people believe that the means is colloquial vocabulary. Indeed, in the hands of a skilled writer, non-literary words can serve not only as a means of psychological description of characters, but also give rise to a stylistically recognizable specific setting. The prototype for this is creative works M. Zoshchenko, who skillfully parodied bourgeois psychology and everyday life, “interspersing” uncomfortable common expressions into the characters’ conversations.

What does colloquial vocabulary look like in his books? M. Zoshchenko is impressive. This talented writer wrote the following:

"I speak:

Isn't it time for us to go to the theater? They called, maybe.

And she says:

And he takes the third cake.

I speak:

On an empty stomach - isn't it a lot? Might make you feel sick.

No, he says, we’re used to it.

And he takes the fourth.

Then the blood rushed to my head.

Lay down, I say, back!

And she was scared. She opened her mouth, and a tooth glistened in her mouth.

And it was as if the reins had gotten under my tail. Anyway, I think I shouldn’t go out with her now.

Lie down, I say, to hell with it!” (Story “Aristocrat”).

In this work, the comic effect is achieved not only due to the many common expressions and forms, but also due to the fact that these statements stand out against the background of “refined” literary cliches: “eaten cakes” and so on. As a result, it is created psychological picture a poorly educated, narrow-minded person trying to appear intelligent. He is the classic hero of Zoshchenko.

Dialectal vocabulary

What is dialect-vernacular vocabulary? Studying the urban vernacular language, many ask the pressing question about its local flavor associated with the influence of dialects: emphasizing limited parameters in accordance with the data of an individual metropolis makes it possible to compare them with materials from other cities, for example, Tambov, Omsk, Voronezh, Elista, Krasnoyarsk and etc.

The conventionality of the border between vernacular and dialect vocabulary is very often explained by the historical connections of the folk dialect with jargon, genetic reasons, which are sometimes not entirely legitimately analyzed as the basic source of enlightenment of this impoverished layer of the popular language.

The mastery of A. I. Solzhenitsyn

Agree, sometimes the use of colloquial vocabulary gives the work some uniqueness. The linguistic and stylistic skill of A. I. Solzhenitsyn, marked by extraordinary originality, attracts many linguists. And the paradoxical nature of the negative attitude towards him obliges some readers to study the language and style of this author’s works. For example, his story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” shows the internal unity and consistent, precise motivation of its figurative and verbal composition, in which, as L.N. Tolstoy argued, “a unique order is unique possible words", which is a sign of true artistry.

Important nuance

Dialectal vocabulary is very important for Solzhenitsyn. Having “transferred” the author’s function to the peasant, making him the main character of his story, the writer was able to create an extremely unconventional and expressive dialectal assessment of his expressions, which decisively excluded for all modern writing the effectiveness of returning to the hackneyed stock of “folk” speech signs that migrate from book to book ( such as “nadys”, “aposlya”, “darling”, “look at the side” and the like).

For the most part, this description of the dialect is developed not even thanks to vocabulary (“uhaydakatsya”, “naled”, “halabuda”, “gunyavy”), but due to word formation: “obsessed”, “shortcoming”, “shelter”, “satisfied” , "hurriedly". This method of adding dialectisms to the speech artistic sphere, as a rule, evokes an approving assessment from critics, since it revives the familiar associative connections between image and word.

Folk speech

How is colloquial vocabulary used in speech? In the conversations of the modern peasantry, dialect and vernacular vocabulary are practically inseparable from each other. And do such words as “shitty”, “self-thinking”, “spiritual”, “pick up” go back to any specific dialect and are perceived precisely because of this, or are they used in their general non-literary properties - for the speech assessment of Ivan Denisovich does not matter. The important thing is that with the help of both the first and second, the hero’s conversation receives the necessary stylistic and emotional coloring.

We hear generous in humor, lively, free from the standards that have been easily borrowed recently in various controversial fields, insightful folk speech. Solzhenitsyn knows it very well and sensitively detects new insignificant shades in it.

How else is colloquial vocabulary characterized? Examples of its application can be given endlessly. It is interesting that Shukhov uses the verb “insure” in one of the fresh “sports-industrial” meanings - to ensure the reliability of an action, to protect: “Shukhov... with one hand gratefully, hastily took the half-smoke, and with the second from below he insured so as not to drop it.”

Or the contracted use of one of the meanings of the verb “to consist”, which could appear in folk sayings only at the present time: “Someone brought stencils from the war, and since then it’s gone, and more and more dyes like this are being collected: they don’t consist anywhere, nowhere does not work…".

Solzhenitsyn’s knowledge of folk expressions was given both by difficult life experience and, of course, by the active interest of the master, which prompted him not only to consider, but also to specifically study the Russian language.

Our speech is incredibly diverse and rich. Someone writes: “Hello, how are you?”, and someone: “Great, well, how is life young?” Some people try to use neutral words in their speech, while others, without hesitation, use colloquial vocabulary. But what is it? Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary is a large layer of the vocabulary of the Russian language. What it consists of, how it is formed, how it differs from stylistically neutral or bookish, you will learn from this article on simple and clear examples.

What is colloquial and colloquial vocabulary? Examples of colloquial words

Conversational style vocabulary includes words that give speech a free character. In comparison with the literary language, it is considered stylistically reduced.

Colloquial vocabulary is words with a stylistically reduced connotation.

Examples of colloquial and colloquial words: sonny, stupid, tipok, grandma, nix, crybaby, daughter, stipukha, dorm, trash, blooper, dog, mug, here, muzzle, stupid, Svenovsky, shipper, staging, grandma, nonsense, carrion, like, gopnik, reptile, dyke, butch.

Emotional coloring of colloquial vocabulary

Have you ever noticed how expressive our speech is? Have you ever wondered where there is so much imagery in it? The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is created by the portability of their meanings: vinaigrette (a mixture of dissimilar concepts), stick (intrusively pester with something), kennel (a cramped, dirty room), kalancha (a tall person), battle (noisy quarrel), dragonfly ( active girl, girl).

But not all colloquial expressions can express emotional assessment. The words of colloquial speech do not have this ability: in an embrace, usherette, really, back home, here, personnel officer, soda, not put on, renewal, smoke break, instantly, chickened out, like, carpentry, etc.

What is colloquial vocabulary? Its types

It is important to understand that some phrases often used in our speech are not colloquial. For example, the word "mama" is not colloquial, but stylistically neutral, unlike its other form - "mama". How to distinguish them? Neutral vocabulary does not seem “foreign” in book styles.

Among the colloquial vocabulary, several groups can be distinguished:

Slang vocabulary.
Argo vocabulary.
Neologisms.
Words of professionalism.
Slang.
Dialectisms.

Slang vocabulary (jargonisms) is vocabulary used by a narrow circle of people united by something. Examples of colloquial words in slang vocabulary: gerych (heroin), dnyukha (birthday), in chocolate (in good relations), bodyaga (long, boring conversation), oar (spoon), lave (money), golimy (dumb), nishtyak (wonderful), hamster (browser home page).

Argo vocabulary (argotisms) - words or expressions of a closed group of people. This section of vocabulary was formed thanks to prison or camp conversations, in which they tried to keep information as secret as possible. Examples of colloquial and colloquial words among argotisms: blot (thieves), tramp (correct criminal), guard/tsirik (pre-trial detention center worker), wolf ticket (certificate of release), load (give testimony), drek (nonsense, something worthless) , sting/sharpen (face), rat (stealing from one’s own), little one (note), murka (notions), lean back (free yourself).

Neologisms are expressions created to describe new phenomena, most often borrowed. Due to the large abundance of new expressions, neologisms soon lose their status and become part of the active vocabulary. Examples of colloquial words: hype (hype), trash (something scary), demisexual (a person who can only enter into a relationship with someone who is close to him), writer (writer), harassment (harassment, threats, harassment).

Professionalisms are vocabulary used only in certain professions. Examples of colloquial words: blunder (typo), steering wheel (steering wheel), pan (synchrophasotron), flushka (fluorography), cargo-200 (killed soldiers), film (ECG), tube (tuberculosis), fiza (saline solution).

Slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups. Examples: tap/stupa (scholarship), hostel (dormitory), tails (academic debts), ship/pair (introduce someone as a couple, and it doesn’t matter whether they are a real couple), crash (object of adoration), stan/fan (to love some famous person, to be a fan), academic (sabbatical), spurs (cheat sheets), keyboard (keyboard), DR (birthday).

Dialectisms are phrases whose scope of use is limited to a certain territory. Examples of colloquial words among dialectisms: balyakat/gutarit (talk), beetroot (beets), kochet (rooster), zenki (eyes), shaberka (neighbor), popelitsa (ashes), dezhka (wooden barrel), baz (yard), kryga (ice floe), gomonok (wallet).

Word formation

But colloquial vocabulary is replenished not only thanks to new expressions or new figurative meanings. Often old words from book speech easily turn into colloquial ones due to in various ways combinations of phrases: sliders, homeless child, microwave, smoking room, mobile phone; abbreviations: IMHO (I have an opinion, I want to voice it), BUR (high security barracks); and morphemic units:

Suffix -yag - tramp, goner, dude, hard worker.
The suffix -ezh- clamor, whining, cramming.
Confix slowly, little by little.
Suffix -ish- bags, tooth, cat.
Various diminutive suffixes -k-, -ek-, -ik-, -ok- son, fungus, baby.

Conclusion

Now you know what colloquial vocabulary is, you have seen its examples. After reading, try to monitor your speech: how much do you use these phrases? The fewer of them in your speech, the better. But these words cannot be completely excluded from your vocabulary. Otherwise, how can you convince a hooligan you meet somewhere in an alley that your phone and wallet will in no way be useful to him?

It is not possible to overestimate the advantages of language for a person, since it is not only a means of communication, but also a sphere that shows the standard of living of society. Language is influenced by history, geography and, of course, lifestyle. Therefore, the colloquial words that appear in our linguistic layer reflect the essence of the life of the Russian people. Let's give examples from life and determine what meaning this vocabulary has in modern Russian speech.

In contact with

Features of words

Such word forms belong to colloquial speech and have a reduced stylistic affiliation. Often, common expressions carry a connotation of vulgarity and even outright negativity.

Most of them migrated to us from argot - a special language adopted in the prison environment. Words such as gruel, kharya, morgali, koika are used by prisoners to this day, but anyone can easily explain what these lexemes mean.

Vernaculars are a reduced vocabulary that usually lives in the speech of poorly educated people who find it difficult to speak a harmonious literary language, but many educated citizens also use them when talking in an informal situation or as a joke.

Attention! Some people mistakenly call them swear words, but in fact, swearing, as taboo vocabulary, is just part of the colloquial layer in our language.

Naturally, the use of “such” common words in the conversation of educated people is unacceptable, but often they help to assess a particular situation more accurately than simple words with a neutral meaning. Compare: You placed this book incorrectly and crumpled the pages, or You squeezed this book into such a narrow slot that the pages could not stand it and tore! The second expression carries more emotions and assessment of the “terrible” act than the first, which is in a neutral style.

Origin

The word itself appeared in the 17th century and for a long time was simple colloquial speech, since the Russian people were illiterate in this regard. Later, colloquial words begin to differ from colloquial words in speech, and the first concept already begins to be part of the second.

Colloquial speech is now divided into:

slang;
jargon;
dialectisms;
neutral speech vocabulary;
vernacular.

In the 18th century, the formation of the Russian language acquired such proportions that even “literary” vernaculars appeared - expressions that are also present in colloquial speech, but their use in literature is “acceptable” due to the fact that they have a reduced degree of rudeness or vulgarity.

This vernacular lives in print publications, the media and often helps to describe in more detail the personality of the speaker, his habits and habits. Or, using these words, journalists turn to a joke and try to ridicule individual human vices using the example of a specific case.

An example of literary vernacular: “The crowd stared at the circus performer’s performance with great delight” - “gazed.”

A distinctive feature of vernaculars in the literary environment is relevance. Examples of such words are constantly changing, like pictures in a kaleidoscope, since vernaculars are a reflection of the life of our society, the language that we use and which is always plastic and changeable.

Special purpose

The main purpose of using such words is to give expression to speech, to introduce an element of evaluation, because colloquial vocabulary is also a reflection of a person’s personal attitude to a certain situation.

Tasks that perform vernacular in:

shocking. You need to hook or touch the reader or interlocutor as strongly as possible (By the way, this sentence is a vivid example of literary vernacular in itself). Example: She's poking me in the face! (A.P. Chekhov “Vanka”). Or Goonies, why did you go there?
importance of using set expressions: He spoke for a long time and like a teaspoon per hour.
an expression of the speaker’s real feelings about what is happening: She just annoyed me with her nagging.
conveying the character's character traits through peculiarities of speech: You can't bully an orphan, fear God - then! or Well, he’s a seasoned thief, I noticed him right away!

All the above examples of colloquial speech in the Russian language show how firmly these word forms are entrenched in our lives.

Types

There is a division of simple expressions into several groups:

accentological, that is, created with the help of an incorrect word (credit, PERCENT - the stressed syllable is highlighted);
morphological or word-formative, depending on the form of the word (want, we can). Examples of derivational colloquialisms (zabizat, calm);
phraseological ones that have distortions in this area (bad head for feet peace of mind does not give);
phonetic, associated with the sound paradigm (lie down, here, here).

And of course, words stand apart, with pronounced expressiveness. For example, to commune - to steal, to sleep - to sleep, to gobble - to eat.

Mostly such constructions are used by illiterate citizens, but according to statistics provided by linguists, the largest number of such words is used by the older age category - from 60 years old and, on the contrary, by the youth group of people - from teenagers to 25 years old.

Often urban vernacular can be heard from the male part of the population, since a larger percentage of their speech consists of swear words, and men are often lovers of strong words. And old people often use word forms that have already fallen out of use, for example, from here, click.

Young people use vocabulary that borders on slang: shkeritsya, eat, hype.

Attention! The reason for the use of vernacular words in large numbers is clear: people simply read little of classical and scientific literature, which uses the high - modern Russian literary language, the word forms of which are significantly different from the vernacular expressions.

Why do the media become a source of such vocabulary?

The main problem with the dominance of rude colloquial words and expressions is their massive distribution in newspaper and magazine publications.

Previously, the media used examples of urban vernacular in the form of nonsense or some kind of sensational “newspaper canard” to reflect the specific features of popular events.

Now journalists are refusing pure literary language, preferring to lower the style in order to be closer to the common reader, practically swimming on the “same wave”.

This mass character lowers the quality of printed products, so in our time, saying “I only read magazines” is the same as admitting one’s stupidity and limitations. But quite recently, reading magazines and newspapers was distinctive feature progressive and educated people.

Today's newspapers are full of cliches, jargon and tired slang. Sometimes journalists make deliberate mistakes in order to give their material a special national flavor. This feature really works, it gives the article brightness, liveliness and attracts the reader, fixing his attention on a specific page.

Ban on the use of certain words

Of course, you cannot always use these words, replacing ordinary neutral vocabulary with them; this will negatively affect the quality of your speech and reduce your importance in the eyes of other people.

Many people believe that the widespread distribution of such word forms will lead to the degradation of the Russian literary language. According to the latter, our language is a treasure that cannot be “tarnished” by these barbarisms.

However, philological specialists believe differently: language is a constantly changing phenomenon, as diverse as our body. The language has come a long and thorny path to what is now considered modern linguistics. And what we could previously call speech errors and colloquialisms is now becoming the norm of colloquial speech.

We should not forget that special rudeness and vulgarization of one’s speech is unacceptable, if only because with its extreme expressiveness it hurts the interlocutor and puts the relationship with him in the category of “familiar”, which is absolutely unacceptable in most speech situations.

Thus, the list of colloquial words and expressions becomes a kind of reflection of our reality and shows the national flavor of the language, regardless of the norms of use of literary speech. The most important rule for using colloquial expressions is their appropriateness in a particular situation.

Colloquial Words

Examples of dialectisms

COLLOQUIAL

colloquial, colloquial.

1. Typical, characteristic of oral conversations, for everyday communication, used in conversation; opposite bookish (about language; lingu., lit.). Colloquial. Colloquial speech. Conversational style. Spoken words are gradually becoming part of the book language.

2. An employee for conversations (on the phone; colloquially). Talking booth.

3. Dedicated to oral, not written, activities foreign language(school). Conversation lesson.

Ushakov. Dictionary Russian language Ushakov. 2012