The science of creating favorable conditions. Hygiene and its main tasks

Annual assessment in biology for 8th grade:

Final test in biology for 8th grade

1 option

1) Initial department digestive system is:

a) Esophagus b) Oral cavity c) Pharynx

2) The placenta is:

a) Temporary organ formed during pregnancy

b) Type of connective tissue

c) Disease

3) About what cellular structure we're talking about: transmits information to daughter cells using chromosomes during division:

a) mitochondria b) lysosome c) nucleus) cell center

4) Which tissue is capable of being excited and transmitting excitation: a) nervous b) epithelial

c) connectived) muscular

5) The endocrine gland located in the brain area is:

a) Thyroid gland) Pituitary gland c) Thymus gland

6) Select a mixed secretion gland from the proposed glands: a) pancreasb) liver

c) pituitary gland) adrenal glands

7) With insufficient production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland, a disease develops:

a) dwarfismb) Graves' diseasec) hypoglycemiad) myxedema

8) What is the name of the middle layer of the heart?

a) epicardiumb) myocardiumc) endocardium

9) The nervous system does not perform the function: a) transport nutrients b) nervous regulation c) connection of the body with the external environment d) coordinated activity of organs

10) Select the characteristic of the conditioned reflex: a) congenitalb) permanentc) species-specificd) individual

11) What physiological property is not inherent in the nerve?

a) excitability b) conductivity c) regeneration

12) Which part of the organ of vision performs the following function: refracts and focuses light rays? a) retinab) pupilc) vitreous body) lens

13) What causes the development, growth in thickness and regeneration of bones after damage:

a) spongy substanceb) compact substance) yellow bone marrowd) periosteum

14) Sign not related to red blood cells: a) protective function b) up to 5 million per 1 cm 3

c) life expectancy 120 days d) transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

15) How can you not get infected with AIDS: a) by airborne dropletsb) by blood transfusionc) by breastfeedingd) by sexual contact

16) Which reflexes are inhibited by external inhibition:

a) Unconditional. b) Conditional. c) Both.

17. Enzymes involved in the breakdown of proteins:

18) The lack of vitamins in the human body is called:

a)vitaminosisb)hypovitaminosis)dystrophy

19) Red color of blood is reported:

a) leukocytes b) erythrocytes c) platelets

20) The skin area of ​​an adult is:

a) 1.5-2 sq. meter) 2.5 -3 sq. meters) 3.5-4 sq. meters

21)

a) A.A. Ukhtomsky. b) I.P. Pavlov. c) I.M. Sechenov. d) A.M. Ugolev.

22) The direction of all our mental activity, concentration on something important is:

a) speechb) memoryc) thinkingd) attention

23 ) Oxygen is transported by red blood cells in the form of:

a) Carbohemoglobin. b) Carboxyhemoglobin. c) Myoglobin. d) Oxyhemoglobin.

24)

25) Select the type of temperament: very energetic, fast, impetuous, with a violent manifestation of emotions, with sudden changes in mood, passionately devoted to work:

a) cholericb) melancholicc) phlegmaticd) sanguine

Final test in biology for 8th grade

Option 2

1) The science of creating conditions favorable for maintaining human health, of the proper organization of his work and rest :a) ecologyb) hygienec) embryologyd) cytology

2) Which organ is not part of the digestive system?

a) Liver b) Kidneys c) Pancreas

3) What function does it perform? cell membrane:

a) participates in cell division b) protein synthesis

c) exchange of substances between cells and m/c substance

4) The cells of which tissue are loosely arranged, the intercellular substance is highly developed:

a) nervousb) epithelialc) connectived) muscular

5) Walls internal organs made up of muscle tissue :

a) skeletalb) smoothc) cardiacc) striated

a) shoulder) sacrum c) tibia

7) What disease threatens a person in childhood with insufficient functioning of the thyroid gland:

a) diabetes mellitus b) hypoglycemiac) bronze diseased) cretinism

8) The pituitary gland secretes

a) growth hormone; b) thyroxine; c) adrenaline; d) insulin.

9) The inner ear includes

a) auditory ossicles; b) cochlea; c) eardrum.

10) Nerve cells are called:

a) axonsb) neuronsc) dendritesd) synapses

11) Coordination of voluntary movements, maintaining body position in space, regulation of muscle tone and balance are the functions:

a) forebrainb) medulla oblongata) cerebellumd) midbrain

12) What substance contained in the blood can add oxygen?

a) glucose; b) adrenaline; c) hemoglobin; d) insulin.

13) In which part of the digestive tract are there villi?

a) in the small intestine; b) in the esophagus; c) in the large intestine; d) in the stomach.

14) Take part in blood clotting :a) erythrocytes b) plateletsc) leukocytes

15) Rickets develops due to vitamin deficiency

a) D; b) B1c) C; d) A

16) Disease respiratory system, not transmitted by airborne droplets :

a) tuberculosis b) tonsillitis c) diphtheria d) influenza

17) Enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates:

a) pepsin, trypsinb) amylase, ptyalinc) lipase, lecithinase) maltase, pepsin

18) Short-term memory includes:

c) Information that the student listened to in class

19) What function does subcutaneous fatty tissue not perform:

a) cushions b) saves heat) stores nutrients d) contains receptors

20) The visual zone of the cerebral cortex is located in the lobe:

a) frontal; b) occipital; c) parietal; d) temporal.

21) In which blood vessels does venous blood flow?

a) in the arteries of the small circle; b) in the arteries of the large circle; c) in the veins of the small circle; d) in the aorta.

22) The breakdown of proteins in the digestive system begins in

a) oral cavity; b) stomach; c) small intestine

23) K cognitive processes applies:

a) dream b) will) perception d) imagination

24) Select reasons that help you fall asleep:

a) daily routineb) bright lightc) paind) restless thoughts

25) Select the type of temperament: calm, difficult to anger, has inexpressive facial expressions, switches slowly from one type of activity to another:

a) cholericb) melancholicc) phlegmaticd) sanguine

Answers:

Evaluation criteria:

Test task on the topic: “Child development after birth. Personality formation. Interests, inclinations, abilities."

1) A child is considered a newborn:

1. within a month after birth

2. within two months after birth

3. within three months after birth

2) Correct judgments:

1. A person is born with a personality.
2. A person becomes a person.
3. Abilities depend only on hereditary factors received from parents.
4. Abilities depend only on the conditions in which a person develops.
5. Abilities depend both on hereditary factors and on the conditions in which the personality develops.

3) A person who has a weak, easily vulnerable nervous system, capable of withstanding only small stresses. This is temperament:

1. Choleric.
2. Sanguine.
3. Melancholic.
4. Phlegmatic.

4) A calm person, it is difficult to anger him, has inexpressive facial expressions, and switches slowly from one type of activity to another. This is temperament:

1. Choleric.
2. Sanguine.
3. Melancholic.
4. Phlegmatic.

5) Balanced in his feelings and actions, lively, agile, easily adapts to circumstances. This is temperament:

1. Choleric.
2. Sanguine.
3. Melancholic.
4. Phlegmatic.

6) Has a strong nervous system, is able to overcome significant difficulties, has poor self-restraint, and easily “explodes.” This is temperament:

1. Choleric.
2. Sanguine.
3. Melancholic.
4. Phlegmatic.

7) Temperament is:

1. A unique combination of psychological personality traits.

8) Character is:

1. Psychophysical properties of the nervous system.
2. A set of stable personality traits that develop in the process of upbringing, activity, and communication with people and determine behavior that is typical for a given person.
3. A person’s ability to perform conscious actions that require overcoming external or internal difficulties.
4. Hereditary deposits received from parents.

9) Personality is:

1. Psychophysical properties of the nervous system.

10) An individual is:

1. An individual person with all his physical and mental characteristics.
2. A person as a member of society, possessing a system of unique traits that determine his characteristic to this person course of thoughts and behavior, his attitude towards others.
3. A person who received inheritance from his parents.

11) Interest is:

12) Addiction is:

1. individual physiological and psychological characteristics a person, which are a condition for the successful performance of a particular activity.

2. addiction to certain activities

3. form of manifestation of cognitive need

13) Abilities are:

1. hereditary deposits received from parents.
2. individual physiological and psychological characteristics of a person, which are a condition for the successful performance of a particular activity.
3. form of manifestation of cognitive need

1. addiction to certain activities

14) People who are open and focused on communication are:

1. extroverts
2. introverts
3. choleric people
4. phlegmatic

15) People who are closed and self-absorbed are:

1. extroverts
2. introverts
3. sanguine people
4. melancholic people

Test in biology

on the topic: “Higher nervous activity. Behavior. Psyche."

Option 1

Exercise 1.

Match the term and concept

Task 2

1 . Created the doctrine of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes:

1. I.M. Sechenov.

2. A.A. Ukhtomsky.

3. I.P. Pavlov.

4. N.I.Pirogov.

2

1. Conditional.

2. Unconditional.

3 . What stimulus was used in I.P. Pavlov’s experiment? above the dog is food:

1. Conditional.

2. Unconditional.

4 . Help you adapt to changing living conditions:

1. Unconditioned reflexes.

2. Conditioned reflexes.

5 . External braking:

1. Ring from class.

2. Car horn.

6 . Internal braking:

1. Ring from class.

2. Car horn.

3. The cat will stop responding to the rattle if the sound of the rattle is not reinforced with a sausage.

7 . Which reflexes are inhibited by external inhibition:

1. Unconditional.

2. Conditional.

3. Both.

8. What is a dominant:

9. Developed the doctrine of dominance:

1. A.A. Ukhtomsky.
2. I.P. Pavlov.
3. I.M. Sechenov.
4. A.M. Ugolev.

10.

1. Attention.
2. Using skills.
3. Unconditioned reflex.

11. Intermediate memory includes:

1. The phone number that you found in your address book, you typed it into the device’s disk and... immediately forgot.
2. A multiplication table that is stored in the memory of a high school student.

12.

1. The phone number that you found in your address book, you typed it into the device’s disk and... immediately forgot.
2. Information that the student listened to in class.
3. A multiplication table that is stored in the memory of a high school student.

13.

1. Based on body size - the larger the animal, the more complex the GNI.
2. On the degree of complexity of the circulatory and respiratory systems.

14.

1. Organ of vision.
2. Organ of hearing.

15.

1. Organ of vision.
2. Organ of hearing.
3. Information obtained through oral and written communication.

16.

1. REM sleep phase.
2. NREM sleep phase.
3. Both options are equally likely.

17. Cognitive processes include:

1. perception
2. imagination

18. Imagination happens:

1. active and passive
2. logical and mechanical
3. auditory and olfactory

Task 3. What is sleep? Two stages of sleep (signs of each stage).

Option 2

Exercise 1.

Match the term and concept

Task 2

1. Help you adapt to changing living conditions:

1. Conditioned reflexes.

2. Unconditioned reflexes.

2. What stimulus was used in I.P. Pavlov’s experiment? above the dog is food:

1. Unconditional.

2. Conditional.

3 .Created the doctrine of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes:

1.I.P.Pavlov.

2.I.M.Sechenov.

3.A.A.Ukhtomsky.

4.N.I.Pirogov.

4 . What stimulus was used in I.P. Pavlov’s experiment? there is a light above the dog:

1. Conditional.

2. Unconditional.

5 . External braking:

1. Ring from class.

2. Car horn.

3. The cat will stop responding to the rattle if the sound of the rattle is not reinforced with a sausage.

6 . Internal braking:

1. Ring from class.

2. Car horn.

3. The cat will stop responding to the rattle if the sound of the rattle is not reinforced with a sausage.

7 .Which reflexes are inhibited using external inhibition:

1. Unconditional.

2. Conditional.

3. Both.

8. Developed the doctrine of dominance:

1. A.A. Ukhtomsky.
2. I.P. Pavlov.
3. . A.M.Ugolev
4. I.M. Sechenov.

9. A hungry fox is looking for prey. That's an example:

1. Unconditioned reflex.
2. Using skills.
3. Attention.

10. What determines the GNI of animals?

1. Animals do not have GNI; their behavior is based on reflexes and instincts.
2. On the degree of complexity of the circulatory and respiratory systems
3. From the nervous system - the more complex the nervous system, the more complex the GNI.
4. Based on body size - the larger the animal, the more difficult the GNI.

11. Long-term memory includes:

1. The phone number that you found in your address book, you typed it into the device’s disk and... immediately forgot.
2. Information that the student listened to in class.
3. A multiplication table that is stored in the memory of a high school student.

12. What is a dominant:

1. The predominant system of interconnected centers that temporarily determine the nature of the body’s response to external and internal stimuli.
2. External inhibition of the conditioned reflex.
3. Internal inhibition of the conditioned reflex.
4. External inhibition of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.

13. What is a second alarm system?

1. Organ of vision.
2. Organ of hearing.

1. Information obtained through oral and written communication.

14. What phase of sleep does a person begin after falling asleep?

1. NREM sleep phase.
2. REM sleep phase.
3. Both options are equally likely.

15. Short-term memory includes:

1. The phone number that you found in your address book, you typed it on the device’s disk and... immediately forgot.

2.Multiplication table, which is stored in the memory of a high school student.

3. Information that the student listened to in class

16. What is the first signaling system?

1. Organ of vision.
2. Information obtained through oral and written communication.
3. Organ of hearing.

17. Cognitive processes include:

1. perception
2. imagination

18. Imagination happens:

1. active and passive
2. logical and mechanical
3. short and long term
4. auditory and olfactory

Task 3. What is attention? Involuntary and voluntary attention (describe).

Hygiene, as well as natural environmental conditions (exposure to sunlight, air, water) are means of physical education. Physical culture should not be limited to physical exercises alone in the form of sports, gymnastics, outdoor games and other things, but should also include public and personal hygiene at work and life, the use of natural forces of nature, the correct regime of work and rest.

Hygiene is the science of health, the creation of conditions favorable for maintaining human health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of diseases. Its goal is to study the influence of living and working conditions on people’s health, preventing diseases, ensuring optimal conditions human existence, preserving his health and longevity. Hygiene is the basis of disease prevention.

The main tasks of hygiene are to study the influence of the external environment on the health and performance of people; scientific substantiation and development of hygiene standards, rules and measures to improve the health of the external environment and eliminate harmful factors; scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to increase the body’s resistance to possible harmful influences environment in order to improve health and physical development, increase performance.

Sanitation - practical implementation hygiene requirements, implementation of necessary hygiene rules and measures.

During the development of hygiene, a number of hygienic disciplines were formed: occupational hygiene, social hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, hygiene physical culture and sports, etc.

Hygienic requirements for places of physical education and sports

In order to understand what requirements apply to places of physical education and sports, you must first become acquainted with the hygiene of physical culture and sports in general.

Hygiene of physical culture and sports, which studies the interaction of the body of those involved in physical culture and sports with the external environment, plays an important role in the process of physical education. Hygienic provisions, norms and rules are widely used in the physical education movement.

Hygienic provisions are of such great importance because without them it is impossible to carry out the main tasks for the comprehensive and harmonious development of people, maintaining long years good health and creative activity to prepare the population for highly productive work and defense of the Motherland.

Young specialists graduating from universities in the country must be well aware of the basic principles of personal and public hygiene and skillfully apply them in everyday life, study, and at work.

Hygiene of physical culture and sports includes sections: personal hygiene, hardening, home hygiene, hygienic requirements for sports facilities and places of physical exercise, auxiliary hygienic means of restoration and improvement of performance.

Hygienic basics of hardening

Hardening is understood as a system of hygienic measures aimed at increasing the body’s resistance to the adverse effects of various meteorological factors (cold, heat, solar radiation, low atmospheric pressure).

Hardening plays an important role in the prevention of colds. These diseases are widespread, and their share in the overall morbidity is 20-40%. The systematic use of hardening procedures reduces the number of colds by 2-5 times, and in some cases almost completely eliminates their occurrence. At the same time, hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, improves blood circulation, increases the tone of the central nervous system, and normalizes metabolism.

Hardening is basically a kind of training of the whole organism, and especially the thermoregulatory apparatus, to the action of various meteorological factors. During the hardening process, with repeated exposure to specific stimuli, under the influence of nervous regulation, certain functional systems are formed that provide the adaptive effect of the body. In this case, adaptive reactions occur in the nervous system, in the endocrine apparatus, in internal organs, at the tissue and cellular levels. Thanks to this, the body is able to painlessly tolerate excessive exposure to cold, high temperature, etc.

Increasing the body's resistance to the effects of certain meteorological factors under the influence of hardening procedures determines the specific effect of hardening. The nonspecific effect of hardening is manifested mainly in its healing effect on the body. Hardening procedures help increase physical and mental performance, improve health, and reduce morbidity.

Hardening can be carried out during specially organized classes, in the process of taking hardening procedures and in Everyday life.

You can start hardening at almost any age. However, the earlier it is started, the healthier and more resilient the body will be. You should definitely consult your doctor first. He will not only check your health status, but will also help determine the form of hardening procedures and their dosage. In case of acute diseases and exacerbation of chronic ailments, hardening procedures cannot be taken. During the hardening process, it is necessary to systematically consult with a doctor and check the effectiveness of the procedures.

Hardening the body can only be successful if the appropriate procedures are carried out correctly. Based on research and practical experience, the following basic hygienic principles of hardening have been established:

systematicity,

gradualism,

taking into account individual characteristics,

variety of means and forms,

active mode,

a combination of general and local procedures,

self-control.

The principle of systematicity requires regular (daily) implementation of hardening procedures throughout the year. Long breaks in hardening lead to a weakening or complete loss of acquired protective reactions. Usually, 2-3 weeks after stopping the procedures, the body’s resistance to the hardening factor decreases.

A gradual and consistent increase in the dosage of procedures is a prerequisite for proper hardening. It should start with small doses and the simplest methods.

When choosing the dosage and forms of hardening procedures, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the body (age, health status).

A variety of means and forms of procedures ensures comprehensive hardening. This is due to the fact that the body’s resistance increases only to the stimulus to which it has been repeatedly exposed. Thus, repeated exposure to cold causes an increase in resistance only to cold, repeated exposure to heat, on the contrary, only to heat.

The effectiveness of hardening increases if it is carried out in an active mode, i.e. if you perform physical exercises or any muscle work during the procedures. A particularly high degree of body stability was noted in individuals who used hardening in combination with physical exercises that were performed under sharply changing temperature conditions. Therefore, activities such as swimming, skiing and speed skating, athletics, mountaineering and tourism have a high hardening effect.

Hardening procedures are divided into general, when the entire surface of the body is exposed, and local, aimed at hardening individual areas of the body. Local procedures have a less powerful effect than general ones. But a beneficial effect can also be achieved with local hardening, if you skillfully expose the areas of the body that are most sensitive to cooling to temperature factors - the feet, throat, and neck. The combination of general and local hardening procedures significantly increases the body's resistance to adverse external factors.

During the hardening process, constant self-control is required. Indicators of proper hardening and its positive results are: sound sleep, good appetite, improved well-being, increased performance, etc. The appearance of insomnia, irritability, decreased appetite, and decreased performance indicate improper hardening. In these cases, it is necessary to change the form and dosage of the procedures and consult a doctor.

Air hardening

Air hardening - taking air baths - is the most “gentle” and safest hardening procedure. It is recommended to begin systematic hardening with air baths.

The hardening effect of air depends mainly on its temperature. However, humidity and air speed must also be taken into account. Air baths, according to the heat sensation they cause, are divided into lukewarm (air temperature +30...+20 (C), cool (+20...+14 (C) and cold (+14 (C and below). This division is conditional and calculated for an ordinary person who begins hardening. Naturally, hardened people experience a feeling of cold at a lower temperature.

It is recommended to start taking air baths in a pre-ventilated room. Then, as hardening progresses, procedures should be carried out on outdoors. The best place for hardening is shaded areas with green spaces, away from sources of possible atmospheric pollution with dust and harmful gases. Baths can be taken lying down, reclining or moving. Exercise is essential during cool and cold baths. In damp and windy weather, the duration of the bath is reduced. It is not recommended to carry out procedures during rain, fog and strong wind.

The dosage of air baths is carried out in two ways: by gradually reducing the air temperature or increasing the duration of the procedure at the same temperature. The latter method is more convenient, since the air temperature largely depends on the weather.

The first air baths for healthy people should last 20-30 minutes at an air temperature of +15...+20 (C. In the future, the duration of the procedures increases daily by 10 minutes and thus reaches 2 hours.

The next stage is air baths at a temperature of +10...+15 (with a duration of up to 15-20 minutes. During this time, vigorous movements must be performed. Cold baths can only be taken by well-seasoned people and only after a medical examination. The duration of such baths is not should exceed 5-10 minutes. Cold baths should be completed with body rubbing and a warm shower.

When hardening with air, you need to make sure that chills do not appear. At the first signs of severe cooling, you need to jog and do some gymnastic exercises.

Water hardening

Water procedures are a more intense hardening procedure, since water has a thermal conductivity 28 times greater than air. The main hardening factor is water temperature. The systematic use of water procedures is a reliable preventive measure against the harmful effects of various accidental cooling of the body.

The most favorable time to start water hardening is summer and autumn. It is best to carry out procedures in the morning, immediately after sleep or at the end of morning exercises. Initially, water procedures are recommended to be carried out at an air temperature of +17...+20 (C), then, as hardening develops, you should move to a lower temperature.

When starting water hardening, first they take light water procedures with a water temperature of +33...+34 (C. Then they move on to stronger procedures, reducing the water temperature by 1 (every 3-4 days, and gradually, over 1.5 -2 months, bring it, depending on well-being and state of health, to +20...+18 (C and below. During the procedures, a person should not experience discomfort and chills. One must always remember that the main hardening factor is the temperature of the water, and not the duration of the water procedure. Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to the following rule: the colder the water, the shorter the time of its contact with the body.

Rubdown - First stage hardening with water. For several days, wipe with a towel, sponge, or just a hand moistened with water. At first, this procedure is done only up to the waist, and then they move on to wiping the entire body. Rubbing is carried out sequentially, starting from the upper half of the body: having wiped the neck, chest, arms and back with water, wipe them dry and rub them with a towel until red as the blood moves towards the heart. After this, the lower limbs are also wiped. The entire procedure, including rubbing the body, should not exceed 5 minutes.

Pouring is the next stage of hardening with water. In this procedure, a small pressure stream of water is added to the effect of low water temperature on the body. When dousing, water pours out of a vessel or hose. For the first douches, use water with a temperature of about +30(C), then the temperature drops to +15(C and below. After the douche, the body is vigorously rubbed with a towel. The duration of the entire procedure is 3-4 minutes.

A shower is an even more effective water procedure. At the beginning of hardening, the water in the shower should be +30...+35 (C, and the duration of the procedure should not be more than one minute. Then the water temperature gradually decreases, and the shower time increases to 2 minutes. The procedure must end with vigorous rubbing of the body with a towel As a rule, after taking a shower, a cheerful and good mood appears.

Swimming in open water is one of the most effective ways of hardening. When swimming, air, water and sunlight have a complex effect on the body. You can start swimming when the water temperature reaches +18...+20(C. Beginners should not swim at an air temperature below +14...+15(C) and a water temperature of 11-13(C. It is advisable to swim in the morning and evening hours, at first once a day, and then 2-3 times a day, while maintaining an interval of 3-4 hours between bathing.

Rubbing with snow and swimming in ice water (“winter swimming”) are extremely powerful hardening procedures. They place extremely high demands on the human body. Therefore, with the permission of a doctor, they can only be used by people in excellent health and after many years of systematic hardening. However, it should be emphasized that these procedures are not necessary, because high level Hardening can be achieved by daily use of conventional hardening agents.

For hardening, along with general ones, it is recommended to use local water procedures. The most common of them is washing the feet and gargling with cold water. These procedures play an important role in increasing the body’s resistance to colds, because at the same time the parts of the body that are most vulnerable to cooling are hardened.

Washing the feet is carried out throughout the year every day before going to bed. Washing begins at a water temperature of +26...+28(C), and then brought to a temperature of +12...+15(C. After washing, the feet are thoroughly rubbed until reddened.

Gargling should be done every day, morning and evening. The initial water temperature should be +23...+25 (C), gradually after a week it decreases by 1-2 (and is brought to +5...+100 C).

Sun hardening

The sun's rays, primarily ultraviolet, have a beneficial effect on the human body. Under their influence, the tone of the central nervous system increases, the barrier function of the skin improves, the activity of the endocrine glands is activated, metabolism and blood composition are improved, vitamin D is formed in the skin, which regulates metabolism in the body. All this has a positive effect on a person’s performance and general mood. In addition, solar radiation has a detrimental effect on pathogenic microbes.

The sun's rays are a potent remedy that should not be abused. Only gradual adaptation to the sun and a reasonable dosage of solar energy can strengthen the body and increase its vital activity. In case of some diseases (pulmonary tuberculosis, acute inflammatory processes, malignant tumors, etc.), it is impossible to harden by the sun.

It is advisable to start sun hardening from the first warm days and continue it throughout the summer. If sunbathing begins late - from mid-summer - then its duration should be increased especially carefully.

It is better to take sunbathing in the morning, when the earth and air are less heated and the heat is easier to bear. In the summer in the southern regions of our country you should sunbathe from 7 to 10 o'clock, at middle lane- from 8 to 11 hours, in the north - from 9 to 12 hours. In spring and autumn, the best time for sunbathing is from 11 to 14 hours.

Sunbathing can be done in any place accessible to the sun's rays and protected from sharp gusty winds. It is advisable to carry out hardening outside the city near bodies of water, since there the air temperatures are somewhat lower and its mobility is greater.

You can harden yourself in the sun while lying down or while moving. It is best to take a sunbath while sitting on a trestle bed or mat, with your feet facing the sun. The head is protected from the sun with a light-colored hat or umbrella. It is not recommended to tie a towel or scarf around your head, or wear rubber bathing caps. All this makes it difficult for sweat to evaporate and, therefore, prevents the head from cooling.

During sunbathing, it is recommended to change your body position more often. You cannot sleep, as it becomes impossible to take into account the duration of exposure to the sun and it is easy to get severe burns. After the procedure, it is recommended to rest a little, take a shower or swim.

Particular attention must be paid to the correct dosage of sunbathing. In accordance with the time of year and the intensity of solar radiation, hardening begins with a 5-10-minute stay in the sun, and then each time the duration of the procedure is increased by 5-10 minutes and gradually increased to 2-3 hours with 15-minute breaks in the shade after each hours of irradiation.

Hygienic requirements for sports facilities

Sports facilities must comply with established sanitary and hygienic requirements and standards. To hygienic requirements sports facilities Particularly high demands are made, since the health-improving effect of physical exercise and sports depends on their sanitary condition.

After the sports facility is put into operation, employees of the sanitary-epidemiological station and medical and physical education dispensaries, as well as specialists in physical education and sports, must systematically conduct ongoing sanitary inspection of these premises. Comments and suggestions from representatives of sanitary inspection authorities are recorded in a sanitary journal, which must be available at all sports facilities. In addition, each sports facility must have internal regulations agreed upon with the sanitary and epidemiological station. Responsibility for non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards, rules for the maintenance and operation of sports facilities lies with the administration of this facility. If sanitary and hygienic norms and rules are violated, the administration is held accountable.

Hygienic requirements for indoor sports facilities. Sports facilities (halls, arenas, swimming pools) can be located in special ones or be part of public buildings (educational institutions, clubs, etc.). Service premises in a sports facility must be interconnected in such a way as to ensure the movement of athletes in the following sequence: a vestibule with a dressing room for outerwear- locker rooms for men and women (with showers and toilets) - gym. Detailed placement eliminates the oncoming traffic flows of dressed and undressed athletes.

Interior decoration is of great hygienic importance. The walls must be smooth, without protrusions or moldings, resistant to ball impacts and allow for wet cleaning. Central heating radiators should be located in niches under windows and covered with protective grilles. Doorways should not have protruding frames.

When painting walls, one should take into account the degree of light reflection and the influence of light on psychophysiological functions: green color calms and has a beneficial effect on the organ of vision; orange and yellow invigorate and evoke a feeling of warmth; red color excites; Blue and purple are depressing. When using oil paint, it is not recommended to completely cover the walls and ceiling with it, as this interferes with the natural ventilation of the room.

The floor must be level, without potholes or protrusions, non-slip, elastic, and easy to clean.

Of particular hygienic importance is the creation of optimal microclimatic conditions in the halls: the air temperature should be maintained at +15 (C, relative humidity - 35-60%, air speed - 0.5 m/s. In the halls for wrestling and table tennis, the speed of movement air flow should not exceed 0.25 m/s, and in showers, changing rooms and massage rooms - 0.15 m/s. To ensure the necessary air exchange, a central supply and exhaust ventilation system is provided to supply at least 80 m3 of outside air per hour per person. student and 20 m3 per hour - per spectator. If this is not possible, decentralized artificial ventilation is arranged with maximum ventilation of the premises through transoms and vents.

Gyms should have direct natural light whenever possible; Artificial lighting in the halls is provided by diffused or reflected light lamps. Lighting must be uniform and provide the required level of horizontal and vertical illumination in accordance with established standards.

The medical center is located in close proximity to the gym. There should be arrows in visible places indicating the location of the medical station.

Gym equipment and supplies must be in good working order and meet certain standards in terms of shape, weight and quality of materials. They are also subject to a number of hygienic requirements aimed at preventing sports injuries, eliminating air pollution from dust, and matching the equipment to the age of the athletes. All this creates conditions for a normal educational and training process.

In gyms it is necessary to carry out wet cleaning daily, and once a week - general cleaning with washing floors, walls and cleaning equipment.

A special sanitary and hygienic regime is established for artificial indoor swimming pools. The air temperature in them can vary from +24 (to +27 (C), water - from +26 (to +29 (C) (the air should always be 2-3 (above the water temperature). The water must meet the requirements for drinking For this purpose, water samples are taken every 2 hours and examined in the laboratory.

To prevent possible water contamination, only persons who have undergone a preliminary medical examination are allowed into the pool.

In indoor sports facilities it is strictly forbidden to smoke or exercise without sportswear.

Hygienic requirements for outdoor sports facilities. These structures, located outdoors, can be separate or complex. Outdoor flat sports facilities must have a special coating with a smooth and non-slip surface that does not collect dust in the dry season and does not contain mechanical impurities that can lead to injury. The grass covering (green lawn), in addition, must be low, thick, frost-resistant, resistant to trampling and frequent cutting, as well as to dry and rainy weather. The coating must have slopes to drain surface water. Drinking water fountains must be built on the territory of outdoor sports facilities (service radius no more than 75 m). Toilets should be located no more than 150 m from outdoor sports facilities. When designing an artificial lighting system on sports grounds, it is necessary to ensure optimal illumination not only of the surface of the court itself (horizontal illumination), but also of the space within the flight of the ball (vertical illumination). Lighting should be uniform.

Hygienic requirements for clothing and shoes

It is very important to maintain good personal hygiene in everyday life and especially when doing physical exercise. Everyone knows that compliance with these rules contributes not only to the prevention of diseases, promotion of health and normal development of the body, but also to increased performance and physical improvement.

Personal hygiene includes caring for the skin, oral cavity, hair, hardening, as well as keeping your clothes and shoes clean.

Girls and boys should carefully monitor the cleanliness of their underwear, outerwear and sportswear. Clothes should be comfortable, light enough, not too warm, and not restrict movement. Its size and cut should not restrict breathing or impede blood circulation.

For the same reason, collars, belts and cuffs should not be tight. It is harmful to walk, much less sleep, in tight underpants, especially synthetic ones.

For indoor activities in winter and training in summer, clothing must correspond to meteorological conditions and the characteristics of the sport. In warm weather - sports shorts, a T-shirt, a training suit made of cotton fabric; in cool weather - a woolen sports suit.

For outdoor exercise and sports in winter, clothing should have three layers: underwear, a flannel shirt, a woolen knitted suit, a woolen hat and mittens. It is also good to wear a light jacket on top to protect from the wind.

Shoes need to be durable, elastic, comfortable, light and loose, which will ensure gait stability and will not interfere with the development of flat feet. Uncomfortable, tight shoes impair blood circulation, do not warm the feet, and cause abrasions, abrasions and calluses.

Shoes that are too loose are also not comfortable; they rub the skin and cause abrasions. In winter, shoes should be half a room larger and should be worn with woolen socks.

It is not permissible for you to wear sports shoes indoors; remember that you cannot constantly walk in sneakers throughout the day: this can lead to flat feet.

Clothes and shoes require constant care. Linens must be washed after each workout. Contaminated and wet shoes should be cleaned, dried and lubricated with a special ointment or cream. Sportswear and shoes should be stored in a ventilated place.

Conclusion

Main conclusions:

The causes of diseases and injuries associated with physical exercises are violations of their hygienic provision, irrational methods and organization of classes, inadequate material and technical support and the unsatisfactory state of health of those involved. Prevention of negative phenomena requires the fulfillment of a number of conditions. For example, it is advisable to engage in physical exercise at the same time of day, no earlier than 1.5-2 hours after a meal (but not on an empty stomach), in appropriate sportswear. It is necessary to be gradual in learning new complex exercises and increasing their number. Shoes, clothing, sports equipment, as well as the place where classes are held, must meet hygienic requirements. Exercises during periods of illness, in a state of significant fatigue or malaise, especially for girls and women, are unacceptable. It is very important to observe the rules of personal hygiene, especially body cleanliness.

HYGIENE (from the Greek hygieinos - healthy) is the science of health, the creation of conditions favorable for a person to maintain health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of diseases. The origin of the term hygiene is also associated with the name of the mythical goddess of health Hygieia, daughter of the god of medicine Aesculapius.

The purpose of hygiene is to study the influence of living and working conditions on people’s health, prevent diseases, ensure optimal conditions for human existence, preserve his health and longevity. Hygiene is the basis of disease prevention.

Main tasks of hygiene:

Studying the influence of the external environment on the health and performance of people;

Scientific substantiation and development of hygiene standards, rules and measures to improve the health of the external environment and eliminate harmful factors;

Scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to increase the body’s resistance to possible harmful environmental influences in order to improve health and physical development, and increase performance.

During the development of hygiene, a number of hygienic disciplines were formed: occupational hygiene, social hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, communal hygiene, hygiene of physical culture and sports, etc.

Hygiene is closely related to sanitation. Sanitation (from Latin sanitas - health) is a term used in medicine until the 60s to designate a branch of healthcare, the content of which covers the development and implementation of practical sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures. In the modern understanding, the scientific development of the above problems is carried out by hygiene, and the organization and implementation of sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures is carried out by the sanitary-epidemiological service.

A test to assess the level of knowledge for students in the program of Pasechnik V.V. (textbook 8th grade. Biology. Man. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N.) in the Unified State Exam format is carried out upon completion of the course at 8 class. The test work consists of three parts: tasks with multiple answers - part A (20 tasks), tasks with a short answer - part B (5 tasks) and tasks with a detailed answer - part C (3 tasks).

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A test to assess the level of knowledge for students in the program of Pasechnik V.V. (textbook 8th grade. Biology. Man. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N.) in the Unified State Exam format is carried out upon completion of the course at 8 class. The test work consists of three parts: tasks with multiple answers - part A (20 tasks), tasks with a short answer - part B (5 tasks) and tasks with a detailed answer - part C (3 tasks). Completion time: 90 minutes.

When compiling the tests, the following literature was used:

1. Biology. 8-11 grades. Man and his health. Preparation for the Unified State Exam and GIA-9. Thematic tests, training tasks: educational and methodological manual / Kirilenko A.A. – Rostov n/a: Legion, 2013
2. GIA - 2014: Exam in a new form: Biology: 9th grade: Training options exam papers for conducting state final certification in a new form / author-comp. V.S. Rokhlov (and others) - Moscow: AST: Astrel, 2014. FIPI.
3. Didactic material on anatomy, physiology and hygiene. A manual for biology teachers and students. / authors: Nikishov A.I., Rokhlov V.S. - Moscow. "RAUB" 1995.

Option 1

Part A.

A1. The science that studies life processes in living organisms:

A) anatomy b) genetics c) physiology d) psychology

A2. Select similarities between humans and mammals:

a) the presence of an auricle b) upright posture c) the cerebral part of the skull predominates over the facial part d) speech as a means of communication

A3. What cellular structure are we talking about: transmits information to daughter cells using chromosomes during division:

a) mitochondria b) lysosome c) nucleus d) cell center

A4. The musculoskeletal system consists of:

a) bones and muscles b) muscles and tendons c) muscles d) bones

A5. Blood relates to tissues:

a) nervous b) muscular c) connective d) epithelial

A6. What function do platelets perform?

a) carry oxygen b) destroy microbes c) produce antibodies d) participate in blood clotting

A7. In arterial bleeding, blood

a) bright scarlet color, flows out in a pulsating stream b) cherry color, flows out in a smooth stream c) bright scarlet color, flows out smoothly, without jolts d) cherry color, flows out in a pulsating stream

A8. A disease of the respiratory system that is not transmitted by airborne droplets:

A) tuberculosis b) tonsillitis c) decompression sickness d) influenza

A9. In the digestive tract, proteins are broken down into

a) amino acids b) nucleotides c) glucose d) glycerol

A10) Hypofunction of the pituitary gland:

A) dwarfism b) Graves' disease c) hypoglycemia d) myxedema

A11. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is

a) cortex b) renal pelvis c) medulla d) nephron

A12. The nervous system does not perform the function:

a) transport of nutrients b) nervous regulation c) connection of the body with the external environment D) coordinated activity of organs

A13. Damage to the sensory nerves in the fingers causes a person to

a) will not be able to move his fingers voluntarily b) will not be able to clench his hand into a fist

c) will not feel the touch of a cold object d) will not be able to hold the object with his hand

A14. Responsible for coordination of movements

a) cerebellum b) medulla oblongata c) diencephalon d) midbrain

A15. Which part of the organ of vision performs the following function: refracts and focuses light rays, has accommodation?

A) retina b) pupil c) vitreous d) lens

A16. The eardrum is located

a) on the border between the middle and inner ear b) between the incus and stapes

c) between the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus d) on the border between the outer and middle ear

A17. Select the reasons that prevent you from falling asleep:

A) daily routine b) familiar environment c) feeling of hunger d) fatigue

A18. The production of saliva when food enters the mouth is an example

a) conditioned reflex b) unconditioned reflex c) elementary rational activity c) inhibition

A19. How to avoid getting infected with AIDS:

A) by airborne droplets b) by blood transfusion c) by breastfeeding d) by sexual contact

A20. Bile enters

a) duodenum b) stomach c) esophagus d) cecum

Part B.

IN 1. Determine the systematic position of humans as a biological species by arranging the taxa in the correct sequence, starting with the phylum.

A) Humans B) Homo sapiens C) Placentals D) Mammals E) People

E) Vertebrates G) Chordata H) Primates

AT 2. Choose three correct answers out of six given

Red blood cells - blood cells

1) spherical 2) disc-shaped 3) multinucleated 4) containing hemoglobin 5) living on average up to 100-120 days 6) involved in blood clotting

Q3. Establish the correct sequence of biological processes, phenomena, and practical actions.

Establish the sequence of stages of digestion.

A) mechanical processing of food in the oral cavity

B) breakdown of carbohydrates under the action of salivary enzymes

B) mixing food with gastric juice

D) breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats into elemental organic compounds

D) removing undigested food debris from the body

E) absorption of nutrients into the blood and lymph

AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

Part C.

C1. A man's ears are blocked. What needs to be done and why?

C2. Explain why when the temperature drops, a person trembles and his skin becomes goosey.

C3 . The human heart is located in the pericardial sac. This is a densely woven formation. The walls of the bursa secrete fluid that moisturizes the heart. What role does she play?

Final test in biology grade 8

Option 2

Part A.

A1 The science of creating conditions favorable for maintaining human health, of the proper organization of work and rest:

A) ecology b) hygiene c) embryology d) cytology

A2. Select the differences between humans and mammals:

a) lower jaw with a protruding chin b) division of teeth c) auricle d) feeding the young with milk

A3. What is the function of the cell membrane?

a) participates in cell division b) protein synthesis

c) exchange of substances between cells and intercellular substance d) self-cleaning of the cell

A4. The walls of internal organs are made of muscle tissue:

A) skeletal b) smooth c) cardiac c) striated

A5. The anterior transparent part of the tunica albuginea (sclera) is:

a) iris b) vitreous c) orbit d) cornea

A6. An adult's teeth

a) 12 b) 24 c) 32 d) 46

A7. The main organ of the excretory system is(are)

A) bladder b) kidneys c) urinary canal d) ureters

A8. The auditory ossicles in the middle ear are

a) stapes and malleus b) incus and stapes

c) tympanic membrane, malleus and incus

d) malleus, incus and stapes

A9. Nerve cells are called:

a) axons b) neurons c) dendrites d) synapses

A10. Coordination of voluntary movements, maintaining body position in space, regulation of muscle tone and balance are the functions:

a) forebrain b) medulla oblongata

C) cerebellum d) midbrain

A11. The ability of the heart to contract under the influence of impulses arising within itself:

A) irritability b) cardiac cycle c) automaticity d) blood supply

A12. The internal environment of the body is formed by:

a) blood and lymph b) tissue fluid and blood c) lymph and tissue fluid

d) tissue fluid, blood and lymph

A13. Gas exchange occurs in:

a) larynx b) nasopharynx c) lungs d) bronchi

A14. Biological catalysts under the influence of which food breakdown occurs are:

a) vitamins b) hormones c) enzymes d) substrates

A15. The absence of which vitamin in the body causes scurvy?

a) A b) B 1 c) C d) D

A16. What is the name of the reservoir in the kidney that collects urine?

a) bladder b) renal pelvis c) renal calyx d) ureter

A17. Diabetes develops when there is insufficient production of the hormone:

a) insulin b) growth c) norepinephrine d) adrenaline

A18. Pancreatic juice is secreted into

A) duodenum b) stomach

c) esophagus d) intestines

A19. The vestibular apparatus is located in

A20. The visual area is located in…. lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

A) temporal b) occipital c) frontal d) parietal

Part B

IN 1. Establish the sequence of arrangement of bones in the skeleton of the upper limb, starting with the phalanges of the fingers

A) phalanges of the fingers B) humerus C) radius D) wrist E) ulna

E) metacarpus

AT 2. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

AT 3. Match

Features of digestion

A) mechanical processing of food occurs 1) oral cavity

B) incomplete breakdown of proteins occurs 2) stomach

C) incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates occurs

D) the food bolus turns into a semi-liquid pulp

D) enzymes are active in a slightly alkaline environment

E) enzymes are active in an acidic environment

AT 4. Choose three correct answers out of six given

Leukocytes are blood cells that

1. protect the body from pathogens
2. carry oxygen
3. have a core
4. formed in red bone marrow
5. formed in yellow bone marrow
6. participate in blood clotting

AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the types of reflexes and their features. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

Part C

C1 . Explain why a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood (anemia) causes weakness and dizziness.

C2. What are the functions of human skin? Specify at least 4 functions.

C3. Why are gastrointestinal infections called "diseases"? dirty hands"? What is their prevention?

Final test in biology grade 8

Option 3

Part A.

A1. What science studies external and internal structure the human body and its features: height, weight, body proportions?

a) anatomy b) valeology c) hygiene d) physiology

A2. To people modern type include

a) Australopithecus b) Cro-Magnon c) Neanderthal d) Pithecanthropus

A3. ...bones are movably connected to each other

a) tibia and tibia b) femoral and pelvic

c) ulnar and radial d) parietal and temporal

A4. The central nervous system is formed

a) brain and spinal cord b) neurons and processes

c) nerves and ganglia d) spinal and cranial nerves

A5. After what illness does lasting immunity develop?

a) tonsillitis b) bronchitis c) chickenpox d) influenza

A6. Blood does NOT transport

a) hormones b) nutrients c) metabolic products d) enzymes

A7. The systemic circulation ends at

a) left ventricle b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) right atrium

A8. A respiratory organ shaped like a funnel, in the mucous membrane of which there are receptors that respond to solid, liquid and gaseous substances.

a) bronchi b) pharynx c) larynx d) trachea

A9. The main excretory organs are

a) lungs b) ureters c) sweat glands d) kidneys

A10. As a result of reabsorption (reabsorption) is formed

a) secondary urine b) lymph c) primary urine d) tissue fluid

A11. NOT applicable to the optical system of the eyes

a) ciliary body b) cornea c) vitreous body d) lens

A12. The factor that most influences human health is

a) medical and social assistance b) heredity c) lifestyle

d) environment

A13. Sometimes a child, tired during the day, suddenly begins to jump, laugh, and be capricious, as ..... inhibition develops in his cerebral cortex.

a) external b) beyond c) constant d) conditional

A14. The section of the digestive system in which cavity and parietal digestion occurs is

a) stomach b) duodenum c) large intestine d) small intestine

A15. The vestibular apparatus is located in (in):

a) inner ear b) outer ear c) auditory tube d) middle ear

A16. In humans, male reproductive cells are formed in

a) prostate gland b) testes

C) seminal vesicles d) vas deferens

A17. Lack of physical activity is

a) hypoglycemia b) physical inactivity c) hypokinesia d) hypoxia

A18. The “disease of dirty hands” includes:

a) influenza b) dysentery c) AIDS d) angina pectoris

A19. To prevent helminthiasis it is necessary

a) avoid contact with sick people b) follow a diet

c) wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly

d) eat canned foods

a) bronchus b) larynx c) trachea d) pharynx

Part B

IN 1. Establish the sequence of actions for providing first aid in case of loss of consciousness.

1) raise your legs

2) put the victim on his back

3) press your index finger on the point at the nasal septum

4) unbutton the collar of your clothes, loosen the belt

5) call an ambulance

6) bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to your nose

AT 2. Indicate the features characteristic of arteries. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

1) the walls are thick 2) the speed of movement is minimal

3) the total cross-sectional area is small

4) blood pressure is low 5) single-layer walls

6) blood pressure is high

AT 3. Match blood cells with their characteristics

AT 4. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

Reflexes are unconditional.

1. congenital
2. manifested in response to strictly defined external stimuli
3. partially or completely disappearing over time
4. acquired during life
5. permanent and not fading throughout life
6. for the formation of which two stimuli are required

Q5.Choose three correct answers from the six proposed.

The urinary system includes:

1) liver 2) kidneys 3) spleen 4) ureters

5) bladder 6) pancreas

Part C

C1. What needs to be done to prevent airborne diseases?

C2 . If diphtheria microbes are added to a test tube with the blood of a person who has had diphtheria, they will die, but if they are added to the blood of a person who has not had this disease, this will not happen. Why?

C3 . What are the functions of the human circulatory system? Specify at least 4 functions.

Option 1

Part 1.

1. Science that studies life processes in living organisms:

2. Select similarities between humans and mammals:

a) the presence of an auricle b) upright posture c) the cerebral part of the skull predominates over the facial part d) speech as a means of communication

4. The musculoskeletal system consists of:

5. Blood relates to tissues:

7. In case of arterial bleeding, blood

a) bright scarlet color, flows out in a pulsating stream b) cherry color, flows out in a smooth stream c) bright scarlet color, flows out smoothly, without jolts d) cherry color, flows out in a pulsating stream

8. A disease of the respiratory system that is not transmitted by airborne droplets:

a) tuberculosis b) tonsillitis c) AIDS d) influenza

9. In the digestive tract, proteins are broken down into

10) Hypofunction of the pituitary gland:

a) dwarfism b) Graves' disease c) hypoglycemia d) myxedema

11. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is

a) cortex b) renal pelvis c) medulla d) nephron

12. The nervous system does not perform the function:

13. Responsible for coordination of movements

a) cerebellum b) medulla oblongata c) diencephalon d) midbrain

14. Which part of the organ of vision performs the following function: refracts and focuses light rays, has accommodation?

15. The eardrum is located

a) on the border between the middle and inner ear b) between the incus and stapes

c) between the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus d) on the border between the outer and middle ear

16. The secretion of saliva when food enters the mouth is an example.

a) conditioned reflex b) unconditioned reflex c) elementary rational activity c) inhibition

17. How you can’t get infected with AIDS:

18. Bile enters

19. Choose three correct answers from six given

Red blood cells - blood cells

1) spherical 2) disc-shaped 3) multinucleated 4) containing hemoglobin 5) living on average up to 100-120 days 6) involved in blood clotting

20. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

A) liver

B) heart

B) duodenum

D) esophagus

D) lungs

E) trachea

LOCATION

chest cavity

abdomen

21. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

A) a cavity filled with air in which the auditory ossicles are located

B) picks up and conducts sounds

B) reduces the amplitude and increases the sound intensity by 20 times

D) located in the temporal bone, consists of the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals

D) a cavity filled with liquid

E) represented by the auricle, auditory canal and eardrum

DEPARTMENTS OF THE HEARING ORGAN

outer ear

middle ear

inner ear

PartII

22. For what purpose is a person's pulse measured?

Biology test, grade 8

Option 2

PartI .

1. The science of creating conditions favorable for maintaining human health, of the proper organization of his work and rest:

a) ecology b) hygiene c) embryology d) cytology

2. Select the differences between humans and mammals:

a) lower jaw with a protruding chin b) division of teeth c) auricle d) feeding the young with milk

3. What is the function of the cell membrane:

4. The walls of internal organs are made of muscle tissue:

a) skeletal b) smooth c) cardiac c) striated

5. The anterior transparent part of the tunica albuginea (sclera) is:

6. Adult teeth

a) 12 b) 24 c) 32 d) 46

7. The main organ of the excretory system is(are)

a) bladder b) kidneys c) urinary canal d) ureters

8. The auditory ossicles in the middle ear are

9. Nerve cells are called:

12. The internal environment of the body is formed by:

a) blood and lymph b) tissue fluid and blood c) lymph and tissue fluid

d) tissue fluid, blood and lymph

13. Gas exchange occurs in:

a) larynx b) nasopharynx c) lungs d) bronchi

14. Biological catalysts, under the influence of which food is broken down, are:

a) vitamins b) hormones c) enzymes d) substrates

15. The absence of which vitamin in the body causes the disease “scurvy”:

a) A b) B 1 c) C d) D

16. What is the name of the reservoir in the kidney that collects urine?

a) bladder b) renal pelvis c) renal calyx d) ureter

17. Diabetes mellitus develops with insufficient production of the hormone:

a) insulin b) growth c) norepinephrine d) adrenaline

18. Pancreatic juice is secreted into

a) duodenum b) stomach

c) esophagus d) intestines

19. Match

Features of digestion

A) mechanical processing of food occurs 1) oral cavity

B) incomplete breakdown of proteins occurs 2) stomach

C) incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates occurs

D) the food bolus turns into a semi-liquid pulp

D) enzymes are active in a slightly alkaline environment

E) enzymes are active in an acidic environment

20. Choose three correct answers from six given

Leukocytes are blood cells that

protect the body from pathogens

carry oxygen

have a core

formed in red bone marrow

formed in yellow bone marrow

participate in blood clotting

21. Establish a correspondence between the types of reflexes and their features. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

A) are general species

B) are present only in certain individuals of the species

B) unstable

D) persistent, do not change throughout life

D) are inherited

E) acquired during life

TYPES OF REFLEXES

unconditional

conditional

PartII

22. What are the functions of human skin? Specify at least 4 functions.

Biology test, grade 8

Option 3

PartI .

1. What science studies the external and internal structure of the human body and its features: height, weight, body proportions?

a) anatomy b) valeology c) hygiene d) physiology

2. People of the modern type include

3. The central nervous system is formed

4. After what illness does lasting immunity develop?

a) tonsillitis b) bronchitis c) chickenpox d) influenza

5. Blood does NOT transport

6. The systemic circulation ends at

7. The respiratory organ, which has the shape of a funnel, in the mucous membrane of which there are receptors that react to solid, liquid and gaseous substances, is

8. The main organs of excretion are

a) lungs b) ureters c) sweat glands d) kidneys

9. As a result of reabsorption (reverse absorption),

10. NOT applicable to the optical system of the eyes

11. The section of the digestive system in which cavity and parietal digestion occurs is

12. The vestibular apparatus is located in (in):

13. In humans, male reproductive cells are formed in

C) seminal vesicles d) vas deferens

14. Lack of physical activity is

15. “Dirty hands disease” includes:

a) influenza b) dysentery c) AIDS d) angina pectoris

16. To prevent helminthiasis it is necessary

a) bronchus b) larynx c) trachea d) pharynx

18. “Night blindness” develops due to a lack of vitamin:

a) B b) C c) A d) D

19. The muscle layer is present in the walls

1) arteries

2) veins

3) blood capillaries

4) lymphatic vessels

5) hearts

6) pulmonary alveoli

20. Establish a correspondence between blood cells and their characteristics

Blood cells

A) have an irregular shape

B) produce antibodies

B) blood platelets are round or oval in shape

D) the nucleus is missing

D) participate in blood clotting

E) phagocytosis abilities

1) leukocytes

2) platelets

21.Choose three correct answers from the six proposed.

PartII

22. What are the functions of the human circulatory system? Specify at least 4 functions.

Biology test, grade 8

Option 4

PartI

1.The science that studies life processes in living organisms:

a) anatomy b) genetics c) physiology d) psychology

2. The vestibular apparatus is located in

a) inner ear b) outer ear c) auditory tube d) middle ear

3. The visual zone is located in…. lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

A) temporal b) occipital c) frontal d) parietal

4. “Beri-beri” develops with a lack of vitamin:

a) B b) C c) A d) D

5. The structural and functional unit of the kidneys is:

a) nephron b) axon c) neuron d) synapse

6. What function do platelets perform:

a) carry oxygen b) destroy microbes c) produce antibodies d) participate in blood clotting

7. Blood does NOT transport

a) hormones b) nutrients c) metabolic products d) enzymes

8. The musculoskeletal system consists of:

a) bones and muscles b) muscles and tendons c) muscles d) bones

9. Bile enters

a) duodenum b) stomach c) esophagus d) cecum

10. Biological catalysts, under the influence of which food is broken down, are:

a) vitamins b) hormones c) enzymes d) substrates

11. The ability of the heart to contract under the influence of impulses arising within itself:

a) irritability b) cardiac cycle c) automaticity d) blood supply

12. As a result of reabsorption (reverse absorption),

a) secondary urine b) lymph c) primary urine d) tissue fluid

13. The auditory ossicles in the middle ear are

a) stapes and malleus b) incus and stapes

c) tympanic membrane, malleus and incus

d) malleus, incus and stapes

14. Howit is forbidden contract AIDS:

a) by airborne droplets b) by blood transfusion c) by breastfeeding d) by sexual contact

15. Nerve cells are called:

a) axons b) neurons c) dendrites d) synapses

16. What is the function of the cell membrane:

a) participates in cell division b) protein synthesis

c) exchange of substances between cells and intercellular substance d) self-cleaning of the cell

17. NOT applicable to the optical system of the eyes

a) ciliary body b) cornea c) vitreous body d) lens

18. Lack of physical activity is

a) hypoglycemia b) physical inactivity c) hypokinesia d) hypoxia

19. Choose three correct answers from the six proposed.

The urinary system includes:

1) liver 2) kidneys 3) spleen 4) ureters

5) bladder 6) pancreas

20. Establish the sequence of arrangement of bones in the skeleton of the upper limb, starting with the phalanges of the fingers

A) phalanges of the fingers B) humerus C) radius D) wrist E) ulna

E) metacarpus

21. Match organic substances and their characteristics

A) with complete oxidation of 1 g, 38.9 kJ of energy is formed 1) proteins

B) stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles 2) fats

B) consist of amino acids 3) carbohydrates

D) serve as the main source of energy

D) replenishment occurs when taken with food

E) daily requirement 80 – 150 g

PartII

22. What assistance should be provided to a person who has been poisoned by carbon monoxide?

Biology test, grade 8

Option 5

PartI

1. The science that studies human mental activity, the influence of external factors on it and the interaction between individuals is called

a) hygiene b) physiology c) anatomy d) psychology

2. Arterial blood as opposed to venous: a) bright red, oxygen-poor; c) dark, oxygen-poor b) bright red, oxygen-rich d) dark, oxygen-rich

3. What cellular structure are we talking about: transmits information to daughter cells using chromosomes during division:

a) mitochondria b) lysosome c) nucleus d) cell center

4. Blood relates to tissues:

a) nervous b) muscular c) connective d) epithelial

5. The nervous system does not perform the function:

a) transport of nutrients b) nervous regulation c) connection of the body with the external environment D) coordinated activity of organs

6. The systemic circulation begins in

a) left ventricle b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) right atrium

7. Which part of the organ of vision performs the following function: refracts and focuses light rays, has accommodation?

a) retina b) pupil c) vitreous d) lens

8. . The anterior transparent part of the tunica albuginea (sclera) is:

a) iris b) vitreous c) orbit d) cornea

9. To prevent helminthiasis it is necessary

a) avoid contact with sick people b) follow a diet

c) wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly

d) eat canned foods

10. The auditory ossicles in the middle ear are

a) stapes and malleus b) incus and stapes

c) tympanic membrane, malleus and incus

d) malleus, incus and stapes

11. The central nervous system is formed

a) brain and spinal cord b) neurons and processes

c) nerves and ganglia d) spinal and cranial nerves

12. . In the digestive tract, carbohydrates are broken down into

a) amino acids b) nucleotides c) glucose d) glycerol

13. “Rachitis” develops with a lack of vitamin:

a) B b) C c) A d) D

14. In humans, male reproductive cells are formed in

a) prostate gland b) testes

c) seminal vesicles d) vas deferens

15. The vestibular apparatus is located in (in):

a) inner ear b) outer ear c) auditory tube d) middle ear

16. Modern people include

a) Australopithecus b) Cro-Magnon c) Neanderthal d) Pithecanthropus

17. The section of the digestive system in which cavity and parietal digestion occurs is

a) stomach b) duodenum c) large intestine d) small intestine

18. The respiratory organ, which has the shape of a funnel, in the mucous membrane of which there are receptors that respond to solid, liquid and gaseous substances, is

a) bronchi b) pharynx c) larynx d) trachea

19. . The sympathetic nervous system has the following effects on the circulatory organs

1) lowers blood pressure
2) dilates the blood vessels of the brain
3) reduces heart rate
4) dilates blood vessels skeletal muscles
5) maintains the tone of intestinal blood vessels
6) increases the amplitude of heart contractions

20. Match the function and layer of human skin. For each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second and write the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

FUNCTION OF SKIN LAYER

A) thermoregulatory 1) epidermis

B) thermal insulation 2) dermis

B) storage 3) subcutaneous fatty tissue

D) respiratory

D) melanin pigment, which protects against UV rays

21. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach

1) has a bacteriostatic effect

2) increases the activity of gastric enzymes

3) softens food

4) breaks down proteins

5) activates gastric motility

6) protects the walls of the stomach from self-digestion

PartII

22. Why is it recommended to brush your teeth with toothpastes that contain fluoride and calcium?