When did women start participating in the Olympics. Olympiad tasks for the municipal stage of physical education
Keeping a hearth, giving birth to children and cooking borscht - as practice shows, this is far from all that women can do. Fight in the ring, score goals and set world records: all this is subject to the beautiful, but not at all the weaker sex. Today he will tell about the history of the development of women's sportsAmateur.
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This is Sparta!
The development of women's sports began, of course, in antiquity. For example, the ancient Spartans paid much attention to the physical development of girls, because, as they believed, the body of the expectant mother should be strong enough to endure future childbirth. Girls from childhood practiced running and wrestling.
Spartan girls practiced running and wrestling from childhood
True, women were forbidden to take part in the Olympic Games, and to watch them too - after all, the athletes mostly performed naked. But women had their own competitions: the Heroic Games, in honor of Zeus's wife Hera. They were held at the same time as the Olympic, that is, approximately from the 8th century BC, once every 4 years.
Athletes on an antique bas-relief
Hundred year war for a place on the field
Women's football, one of the most famous women's sports, interesting story. It took almost 100 years for women's football to achieve real recognition! It all started in England, where the British Lady Football Club was founded in 1895. In the same year, the first match in women's football took place, where the northerners defeated the southerners with a score of 7: 1. It was not a toy sport, the matches attracted a decent number of spectators.
It took 100 years for women's football to achieve recognition
Football gained particular popularity among women during the First World War. It was then that many young girls had to go to work in factories, and this hard work not only spoiled their health, but also undermined the psyche of young English women. Social workers were ordered to organize the girls' leisure time, and, oddly enough, after dancing and swimming, football enjoyed the greatest success. The ladies thrashed the leather sword with pleasure, and the stands were never empty. But all the funds raised from the sale of tickets went to charity, so women's football failed to grow into a big sport. In addition, in 1921 the English Football Association banned the organization of women's football teams.
In the early 70s, the Italian women's league organized 2 unofficial "world championships" in women's football. In 1971, the FA created a women's committee, but it did not last long. Nevertheless, in 1991, the first Women's World Cup was held, and almost 65,000 spectators attended the final match! And in 1996, women's football became an Olympic sport.
Fight club
Women's boxing, like football, appeared in England in about the 20s of the 18th century. True, boxers were not considered serious athletes, and fights between women were sometimes even stopped by the police. In 1904, men's boxing became part of the Olympic sports, but for a long time women's pains were only demonstration: women entered the ring and showed their flexibility, grace and femininity. But this state of affairs did not suit women: they literally fought for their right to enter the ring. Only by the 70s, women's fights were sanctioned and a four-round fight was introduced. In 2001, one of the most famous fights in the history of women's boxing took place: the daughters of Mohammed Ali and Joe Frazier, Layla and Jackie, met in the ring. Jackie won. And in 2012, women's boxing was recognized as an Olympic discipline.
Women's boxing appeared in England in the 18th century
Coward does not play hockey
When the first women's hockey match took place in history, it's hard to say with certainty. The NHL claims that in 1889 in Ottawa, women first took up sticks and took to the ice in the fight for the puck. The Canadian Hockey Association believes that this happened in 1892 in the city of Barry. Be that as it may, at the end of the 19th century, women's hockey began to gain momentum. By the 1920s, he became especially popular in the United States and Canada, where they even created university hockey teams for girls. Is it true. During World War II, women's hockey almost disappeared, and the stick and puck became an exclusively male sport.
NHL claims women first picked up sticks in 1889
The revival of women's hockey began only in the 60s, when women's leagues began to appear and the first tournaments were held. Later, in 1987, the first international women's ice hockey tournament was held, and in 1990, the first World Championship! Then Canada won, firmly establishing itself in this place on long years. And in 1998, something that everyone had been waiting for so long happened: women's ice hockey was recognized as an Olympic sport!
Women's Games
Alice Millier played a major role in the development of women's sports. It was she who in 1922 organized the first World Women's Games in Paris. Women competed in athletic sports and the championship was a success. Then 4 more Olympiads followed, and then Millier took the risk of turning to the International Olympic Committee, demanding that women's sports be excluded from the program of the traditional Olympic Games. True, negotiations with the International Sports Federations did not lead to anything, and Milieu's request was rejected. In 1934, the last Women's Games were held in London.
Ekaterina Astafieva
Department of Education of the Administration of the city of Kogalym
school stage All-Russian Olympiad schoolchildren
2012-13 academic year
9,10,11 class
Full name ___________________________________________________________________
Correctly completed tasks are estimated at 1 point.
The time to complete the task is 40 minutes.
1. Women began to take part in ...
A. Games of the I Olympiad (1896 Athens, Greece).
b. Games of the II Olympiad (1900 Paris, France).
the Games of the IV Olympiad (1908 London, Great Britain).
2. The International Olympic Academy is located in …
A. Athens. b. Zurich.
V. Olympia. Paris.
3. The first summer Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR was held in ...
A. 1948. b. 1952.
V. 1956. 1960.
4. The dynamics of individual development of a person is due to ...
A. influence of endogenous and exogenous factors.
b. human heredity.
V. the influence of social and environmental factors.
g. motor activity of a person.
5. A set of exercises, techniques and methods aimed at teaching motor and other skills and abilities, as well as their further improvement is designated as ...
A. training. b. technique.
V. lesson system. d. pedagogical impact.
6. The state of relaxation, relaxation of tension, achieved spontaneously or under the influence of physiotherapeutic procedures, is designated as
A. retardation. b. recreation.
V. reincarnation. d. relaxation.
7. The skeleton is a type of...
A. luge. b. speed skating.
V. skiing. d. all-around.
8. Jogging is a designation...
A. jogging.
b. type of "combat" aerobics.
V. sports club youth union.
g. varieties of non-traditional martial arts.
9. It is recommended to breathe during prolonged high-intensity exercise…
A. through the mouth and nose alternately. b. only through the mouth.
V. through the mouth and nose at the same time. g. only through the nose.
10. The rules of basketball in case of a draw in regular time provide for an additional period of ...
A. 3 minutes. b. 5 minutes. V. 7 minutes. d. 10 minutes.
11. The rules of volleyball stipulate that the team in each set has the right to a maximum of ...
A. three substitutions. b. five substitutions.
V. six replacements. g. the number of substitutions is not limited.
12. For the normal activity of the central nervous system, the regulation of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, it is necessary ...
A. vitamin A. b. vitamin b1.
V. vitamin C. g. vitamin D.
13. Rapid fatigue and drowsiness, headaches and dizziness are largely due to a lack of vitamins, especially ...
A. vitamin A. b. vitamin b1.
V. vitamin C. g. vitamin D.
14. The type of activity that is the subject of rivalry and historically formed as a way to identify and compare human capabilities is commonly called ...
A. gymnastics. b. health path.
V. competition. g. a sport.
15. Isometric (statistical) exercises are mainly used to improve ...
A. self-power abilities. b. speed abilities.
V. speed-strength abilities. g. general endurance.
16. The term "Olympics" means...
A. competition at the Olympic Games.
b. meeting of athletes in one city.
V. leap year.
a four-year period between the Olympic Games.
17. In what year did the first Youth Olympic Games take place?
A. 2010. b. 2008
V. 2000 y. 1998.
18. Where did the first Youth Olympic Games take place?
A. Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
b. Republic of Singapore.
c. People's Republic of China.
Republic of South Africa
19. The main means of physical education is ...
A. physical exercise.
b. hardening.
V. observance of the daily routine.
d. hygiene factors.
20. The load of physical exercises is characterized by...
A. their impact on the body.
b. purpose of the lesson.
V. the well-being of those involved.
d. time and number of repetitions of motor actions.
Questions in an open form
21. Part of the culture of society, focused on identifying and comparing human capabilities, is designated as …
22. The person who is called upon to ensure that the competition is conducted in accordance with the rules of the sport and has full authority to do so is … competitions.
23. A person masters the values of physical culture in the process …
24. The ultimate goal of a chess game is …
25. A complete cycle of movements that is repeated many times in running, walking, skating, skiing and other sports is designated as ...
26. Maintaining the balance of the body by changing the position of its individual links is denoted as …
27. The state of a stable position of the body in space is denoted as …
28. The intensity of physical exercise performed without a break from 5 to 30 minutes, according to physiological criteria, is attributed to the zone … work power.
29. In 2004 in Athens, Yuri Borzakovsky became the Olympic champion of the Games of the XVIII Olympiad in …
What did the modern Olympic Games borrow from the ancient Greek Olympic games…….
The movement for women's equality is not only reflected in the history of games, but also manifested itself very clearly. In fact, the concept of Pierre Coubertin was supplemented - athletes and athletes received equal rights, and in some forms, the opportunity to compete with each other.
In London-1908, women (36 participants) appeared for the first time. They competed in tennis, archery and figure skating. In sailing, a lady, Francis Raivett-Karnekk, together with her husband Charles, competed in the winning crew from Great Britain in the 7 meters class. True, the crew competed with itself - there were no other participants in this class. The woman was also on the British ship, which took 3rd place in the 8 meters class, and she received an Olympic award, although she was listed as an “additional crew member”, in fact, a passenger. Not surprising, because this is the owner of the yacht Constance Cornuelis-West, Duchess of Westminster.
English football team ladies "Dick Kerr's Ladies", 1922
The question of the participation of women in competitions of the early twentieth century. stood very seriously. Many sports were banned for ladies, there were significantly fewer women's sports than men's. Coubertin, the IOC and the International Athletics Federation strongly protested the inclusion of women's athletics in the Olympics.
In 1921, the International Women's Sports Federation (FSFI) was created, headed by the Frenchwoman Alice Milliat. This determined and powerful lady was fond of many unusual sports for women, including football, hockey and rowing. Alice was not just cunning and assertive. She received a good education and was fluent in several languages. And, what is significant, she had experience of close communication with men - she was married, although her husband soon left her as a widow.
In response to the refusal to include women's track and field disciplines in the Olympic Games, Milliat announced the holding of the Women's Games. They were held in 1922 in Paris, brought together athletes from 5 countries and had an unexpected success. As a result, the FSFI achieved the inclusion of athletics in the 1928 Games in Amsterdam.
It is possible that communication with this lady was one of the reasons for the departure of Pierre Coubertin from the post of IOC President. He had nothing against the performance of women in sports such as tennis and figure skating, but considered it absolutely unacceptable to demonstrate strength and tension. One day he was shocked to see women sledding. What can we say about throwing and jumping!
In the Women's World Games (the name "Olympic Games" for them aroused indignation of the IAAF and the IOC) in 1926 in Gothenburg, 92 athletes from 15 countries participated. The program consisted only of track and field events.
The appearance of women's athletics disciplines in the program of the 1928 Games was not yet a final victory. A few years later, the IOC members excluded them from the 1932 Games by a majority vote. There was a good reason for this - due to the intense heat, several athletes could not finish the 800 m distance.
The next women's Ira were held in Prague. The program included not only athletics, but also basketball and handball. The success of these Games forced the IOC to change its mind, and women's athletics still got into the 1932 Olympics. But Alice continued her struggle, deciding, like a true feminist, to “finish off” the men. She demanded that women's disciplines be removed from the program so that the ladies could hold their own independent Games. Her call went unanswered, but clearly not ignored: in 1936 in Berlin, women's athletics were represented by a large number of types, although not all of which were previously announced. In 1936, the FSFI completely transferred the leadership of the women's athletics disciplines to the IAAF, and was soon disbanded. the main task was completed - women's athletics were entrenched in the Olympic program.
Suzanne Lenglen - women's tennis legend
As for football, it was in this form that the first "Battle of the Sexes" in history took place: in 1922, the English women's team "Dick Kerr's Ladies" held a series of matches in the USA with men's teams. The result is a draw - three wins, three losses, three draws. But women's football appeared at the Olympic Games only in 1996.
In our time, there are no male and female sports left, full equality has been achieved. No one is surprised, although it still seems strange to many, for example, women's weightlifting or men's rhythmic gymnastics, women's ski jumping competitions (represented at the World Championships since 2009) or men's persistent attempts to break into the latter, which is still closed to them view - synchronized swimming. By the way, it originated as a male species. In 1882, a team of swimmers appeared in England, which performed various figures on the water. Later, in 1891, the first men's synchronized swimming competitions were held in Berlin. The first and so far the only man who decided to perform in this form was the American Bill May, who took second place in duet competitions in a pair with a girl, Christina Lum, and also won silver in group exercises. The athlete categorically rejected suspicions about his unconventional orientation and said that he took up synchronized swimming at the age of 10 with his sister.
As a rule, with the exception of mixed doubles, men and women compete separately. At the Olympic Games, only in a few sports did women have a chance to beat men - participants of both sexes were allowed to compete in shooting, as well as sailing and equestrian sports.
In the 1970s, men and women competed together in pistol shooting. Only once did the lady manage to win an Olympic medal - the American Margaret Murdoch became the silver medalist of the Montreal 1976 Olympics. In trap shooting, athletes of different sexes competed together for twenty years. Here, women won one gold medal - the Chinese Zhang Shan became the champion in Barcelona 1992.
In sailing, after 1908, the first Olympic champion in a mixed team in 1920 was the Englishwoman Dorothy Wright (her husband Kirill was also in the crew). In 1928, the French team that won gold also included a lady - Virginie Heriot. Alas, there were no more women among the winners and prize-winners of the Olympiads in mixed sports, so it is not surprising that many of these sports were canceled or they split into male and female.
Anki van Grunsven wins her 9th Olympic medal. London 2012
Equestrian sport is perhaps the only one where the chances of ladies and gentlemen can be considered equal. The first female medalist in dressage was Liz Hartl of Switzerland, who won the 1952 and 1956 Olympics. silver medal. In Athens 2004, for the second time in a row and the third time in history (before that in Seoul 1988 and Sydney 2000), all three medals in dressage were taken by women.
In Mexico City-1968, the Soviet riders Elena Petushkova, Ivan Kizimov and Ivan Kalita became silver medalists in the team dressage competition. In Moscow 1980, the mixed team of the USSR - Vera Misevich, Yuri Kovshov and Viktor Ugryumov - won gold.
In equestrian triathlon, women were among the winners for the first time in 1984. American Karen Stives and Englishwoman Virginia Holgate took second and third places. In Athens 2004 Kimberly Severson (USA) was second and Philippa Funnell (UK) was third. The first prize-winner in show jumping in 1972 was the Englishwoman Ann Moore, only three women managed to win Olympic awards.
The London 2012 Olympics was a new victory for women's sports. Women's boxing appeared on it for the first time, and now there is not a single type left (if you look at the federations), where both athletes and athletes were not represented.
Sportswoman in hijab Olympic Games 1997
As for winter events, at the first two Olympiads women competed in only one event - figure skating. In 1932, women's speed skating was presented as a demonstration sport. In another demonstrative form of this Olympiad - dog sled racing, a lady, Eva Siley, performed along with men. She took the last, 12th place. In Garmisch-Partenkirchen, for the first time in the history of the Winter Olympics, medals in alpine skiing were played, and two types appeared at once, men's and women's combinations. At the 1948 St. Moritz Games, women competed, like men, in three types of alpine skiing. In 1956, women were first allowed to cross-country ski, the first champion in history was Lyubov Kozyreva. Since 1960, they began to compete in speed skating, since 1964 - in luge. Since 1998, women's hockey and curling have been represented, since 1992 - women's biathlon. Women's bobsleigh and skeleton were the last of the sports included in the program of the Winter Olympics - in 2002. In Sochi-2014, women's ski jumping appeared.
Opening ceremony to be held today in Rio de Janeiro summer olympic games. The Olympics is not only a sports event, but also a cultural and political one: by the way the competitions are held, one can judge both the relations between individual countries and the situation in the world as a whole. This year, for the first time, a refugee team will take part in the games - and this is also an important sign of the times. We decided to recall ten more events that changed the modern Olympic Games.
1900
Women took part in the Games for the first time
Olympic Games in relatively modern form revived at the end of the 19th century. Women first took part in them in 1900 and were only eligible to compete in five sports: tennis, croquet, horseback riding, golf and sailing. Among the 997 Olympic athletes, there were 22 women. Over time, there were more athletes at the Olympics: if in the 1928 games women accounted for 10% of the total number of athletes, then by 1960 this figure had increased to 20%.
The first woman joined the IOC Executive Committee only in 1990. After that, in 1991, the IOC made a historic decision: women's competitions should now be held in all sports that are included in the program of the Olympic Games. But it is too early to talk about full gender equality: at the Sochi Olympics, women accounted for 40% of the total number of participants. In some countries it is still difficult for women to participate in the Olympic Games: for example, in Saudi Arabia women were only allowed to compete in 2012.
1936
African American Jesse Owens won four gold medals
An African-American athlete won the gold medal for the first time in 1908: John Taylor took first place as part of the team in the mixed relay. But much more famous is the story of Jesse Owens, an African-American track and field athlete who won four gold medals and set a world record in the long jump at the 1936 Olympics. The Olympic Games were held in Nazi Germany, and Owens had to fight for gold in the long jump with the German Lutz Long - Long was the first to congratulate him after the victory, and then they together made a lap of honor around the stadium.
“When I returned to my homeland, after all these stories about Hitler, I still had no right to ride in front of the bus,” the athlete later recalled. - I had to go to the back door. I couldn't live where I wanted to. I was not invited to shake hands with Hitler, but I was not invited to the White House to shake hands with the President.”
1936
First broadcast of the Olympic Games
The Berlin Olympics of 1936 was broadcast on television for the first time: 25 special rooms were opened in Berlin, in which it was possible to watch the Olympic Games for free. The 1960 Olympic Games were broadcast in Europe and the United States: every evening, after the end of the competition, the recording of the games was sent to New York, and then it was shown on CBS.
Television broadcasts have changed the Olympic Games: now it is not just a sporting event, but also an expensive show - the opening and closing ceremonies of the games are of interest to the audience almost more than the competitions themselves, and famous brands and designers provide the teams with uniforms.
1948
The birth of the Paralympic movement
1964 Tokyo Paralympic Games
On July 29, 1948, the opening day of the London Olympics, neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttmann, at the request of the British government, organized sports competitions for World War II veterans with spinal cord injuries on the grounds of the Stoke Mandeville hospital. Since then, the Stoke Mandeville Games began to be held annually, and in 1952 they became international: former soldiers from Holland took part in them. Eight years later, in 1960, the Stoke Mandeville Games were first held in the same city where the Olympics were held - in Rome; The competition was called the First Paralympic Games.
Now the Paralympic Games are held in the same year and on the same sports grounds as the Olympics. 4237 athletes from 164 countries took part in the Paralympic Games in London in 2012.
1968
Protest against racism
Although the Olympic Games are considered a politically free event, political statements at the competitions are not uncommon. At the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, track and field athletes Tommy Smith and John Carlos, who set the world record in the 200m, staged a protest. Athletes entered the awards ceremony wearing the badges of the Olympic Project for Human Rights. They took the podium, taking off their shoes, in black socks, to show how poor the African American population is. As the national anthem played, the athletes lowered their heads and raised their black-gloved fists in protest against racism in the United States. Who exactly owned this idea is unknown: both athletes later claimed that they offered to raise their fists up.
The IOC criticized the actions of Smith and Carlos, calling their actions "a deliberate and flagrant violation of the fundamental principles of the Olympic spirit." The press was also outraged, and the athletes were expelled from the team. At home, Smith and Carlos also faced harsh condemnation. But, despite all the warnings and bans, the protests at the Olympics continued: the winners of the 400-meter race entered the awards ceremony in black berets, and the winners of the women's 4 x 100 relay dedicated their medals to Carlos and Smith.
Recognition of the act of athletes came much later, in the eighties. In 2005, the California State University at San Jose, where Tommy Smith and John Carlos studied, had a statue of them with their fists raised.
1972
Munich terrorist attack
German President Heinemann speaks at a mourning rally dedicated to the memory of Israeli athletes
The 1972 Munich Olympics were overshadowed by a terrorist attack. On September 5, eight Palestinian terrorists made their way to the Olympic Village, killed two members of the Israeli team, and took nine more members of the team hostage. The operation to free the hostages was unsuccessful - all nine were subsequently killed; in addition, five terrorists and a policeman were killed. The competitions were suspended, but after 34 hours the IOC decided to resume them - in protest against terrorism.
1976
African countries are boycotting the Olympics
Days before the opening of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, more than twenty African countries announced that they were boycotting the competition. Kenya was the last to announce its intention to boycott the games. James Osogo, the country's foreign minister, released an official statement hours before the Games' opening ceremony: "The government and people of Kenya believe that principles are more important than medals."
African countries refused to participate in the games because of the New Zealand team: the New Zealand rugby team, which is not part of the Olympic team, played a match in the summer with the South African team, where the apartheid regime was in effect. The South African team was suspended from the Games back in 1964, but the protesters considered these measures insufficient: they believed that countries or sports teams should not interact with the South African government in any way.
This is far from the only boycott in the history of the Olympic Games: the 1980 Olympics, held in Moscow, were boycotted by 56 countries in protest against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. The USSR and other countries of the socialist camp in response decided to boycott the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles.
1992
Derek Redmond Run
At the Olympic Games there is a place not only for significant political events, but also for simple human stories: they do not change the course of the games, but help the audience to look at themselves and their lives in a new way. One of the most dramatic moments in gaming history was Derek Redmond's 400m run at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. The British athlete had serious chances for a medal, but during the semi-final race he tore his tendons. Rather than retire from the race, Redmond decided to continue the race, hoping that he would still be able to get around other athletes. His father Jim ran to help the athlete, who asked him to stop. Derek refused - and then his father said that they would finish together: both reached the finish line on foot, and in the video of the race it is seen how hard and painful each step is given to Derek and how upset he is by defeat. Unfortunately, the athlete never managed to succeed: two years after the games in Barcelona, after eleven operations on the Achilles tendon, his sports career ended.
2000
North and South Korea Marched Together at the Opening Ceremony
Since ancient times, one of the main messages of the Olympic Games is that sports competitions should bring peace. At the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000, this idea was brought to life by the Northern and South Korea: delegations of countries marched together, under a common flag, which depicted the Korean Peninsula. The flag was carried by South Korean basketball player Jung Sun Chun and Pak Chong Choi, a judoka from the DPRK. The countries also marched together at the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games in 2004 in Athens and in 2006 in Turin - but in 2008 they decided to separate again.
2000
Cathy Freeman win
At the 2000 ceremony, track and field athlete Kathy Freeman was honored to light the Olympic flame. This event had a great symbolic meaning: Freeman comes from the Australian Aborigines, and by the fact that she was entrusted with lighting the fire, the organizers wanted to show the desire of the Australians to reunite with the indigenous population of the continent. This is especially important because opponents of the Olympics in Australia have accused the government and the people of the country of racism.
Later, Kathy Freeman won gold in the 400 meters, and the athlete ran the lap of honor with the Australian Aboriginal flag.
2016
The refugee team participates in the Olympics
This year, for the first time, a refugee team will be taking part in the Olympic Games, as organizers hope to draw global attention to the refugee crisis. The team included ten athletes - six men and four women - from Syria, South Sudan, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They will compete under the white Olympic flag and will march in front of the Brazilian national team at the opening ceremony. The IOC is committed to supporting athletes after the Games.
“This will be a symbol of hope for all refugees and show the world the extent of the crisis,” said IOC President Thomas Bach. “It is also a sign to the entire international community that refugees are people like us and they bring great benefits to our society.”
The role of women in the history of the February Revolution is often underestimated, but the revolutionary events began precisely on February 23, that is, on March 8, according to the old style, on the Day of the Worker, which was first celebrated in Russia in 1913, but was celebrated irregularly.
As early as January 9, on the anniversary of Bloody Sunday, women took to the streets of Petrograd - factory workers and soldiers' wives, tired of standing in lines for bread. A month later, workers went on strike, and on February 23, workers from the tram depot of Vasilyevsky Island joined the demonstration, who a few days earlier sent their representative to the 180th Infantry Regiment and found out from the soldiers that they were not planning to shoot.
International Women's Day was also celebrated with rallies by women who worked at the textile manufactories of the Vyborg side, who put forward the slogan "War, high cost and the position of a woman worker."
When the call “To Nevsky!” was heard at one of the rallies, the crowd moved to the center. So women and children joined the general demonstration.
And as he later wrote in the book “History of the Russian Revolution”, “they went to the cordons of soldiers more boldly than men, grabbed their rifles, asked, almost ordered: “Drop your guns and join us.”
In February 1917, the women who took to the streets - those who worked in low-paying jobs, counted pennies to feed their children, stood in lines for hours for bread - did not put forward political slogans. They were sent out into the streets more by war, famine and despair than by ideology. However, at that time in Russia there was a powerful women's political movement that demanded rights and freedoms for women.
Wikimedia Commons
The movement, however, is very diverse. By the time of the February events, there were about a dozen feminist organizations in the country. Ever since the first revolution of 1905-1906, the Russian Women's Mutual Charitable Society, the Union of Women's Equality, the Russian Society for the Improvement of the Fate of Women, the Russian League for Women's Equality, the Women's Progressive Party, the Women's Defense Society and many other liberal democratic organizations have been operating here.
If the dream of the leaders of some organizations was the creation of the All-Russian Women's Council, then it was founded too late.
On paper - in May, but in practice its first meeting took place only in December 1917: when the power was already in the hands of the Bolsheviks, he could no longer do anything.
There was also a separate women's movement of the Marxist persuasion, which, according to Alexandra Kollontai, sought "the replacement of the old world with a new world." social labor, fraternal solidarity and the joy of freedom", however, the Social Democrats did not take part in the February events due to political persecution (the magazine "Rabotnitsa" was founded in 1914, but after the release of several issues, work on it had to be stopped due to confiscations and arrests , and again it began to appear only in May 1917).
Ever since the 1960s, women in Russia have consistently sought the opportunity to study and receive higher education, become doctors and teach.
Thanks to their efforts, women architects, engineers and agronomists appeared in Russia. At the beginning of the 20th century, they went further and began to demand equal freedoms with men - to be equalized in their rights to inheritance, allowed to participate in zemstvo and city self-government, and the question higher education, available at that time only to the elite, remained very relevant.
The main political demand of the feminists was to give women the right to vote. They already tried to achieve it in 1905, but the law that came out on August 6, 1905 did not give it to them - in fact, it equated women with minors, feeble-minded and on trial.
Shortly after the adoption of the declaration on the convening of the Constituent Assembly and the formation of the Provisional Government, the Women's Equality League began to fight for women to be granted the right to participate in the upcoming elections.
A demonstration of women who wanted to be able to vote and be elected took place in Petrograd on March 20. About 40 thousand women took part in it, and this time they were not only factory workers, but also students of the Bestuzhev courses, doctors, teachers - in general, representatives of the intelligentsia, who carried the corresponding slogans: "The place of a woman is in the Constituent Assembly", "War to the bitter end".
However, when they reached the Tauride Palace, the women found that they were not so united: the Bolsheviks who participated in the demonstration were categorically against the continuation of the war.
After a small skirmish, the leaders of the Women's Equality League received vague promises from the representative of the Provisional Government, and that was it.
In the future, the contradictions between the democratic feminist movement and the social democratic deepened: the first were ready to wage war to a victorious end and formed women's battalions, the second, in accordance with the program of the Bolsheviks, who succeeded in terms of propaganda, demanded peace.
In October, representatives of these two directions of the women's movement found themselves on opposite sides of the barricades. And yet, women achieved political equality: on July 20, the government ratified the decision to grant all women over the age of 21 the right to vote. So Russia became the first major power in the world where women began to vote on an equal footing with men.
In the West, where suffragists demanded universal suffrage, it took women much longer to do so. In Great Britain in 1918 the right to vote was granted not to all women, but only to ladies over 30 years old, who were the head of the family or were married to the head of the family, or graduated from the university. Only in 1928 did this right become universal.
But the birthplace of the feminist movement, that is, suffragism, was precisely Great Britain.
The word "suffragette" as an independent term appeared in early XIX century. Under the conditions of the industrial revolution, women in Great Britain for the first time began to openly resent discrimination against their sex in the social and, above all, political spheres.
The suffragettes wanted the right to vote, the opportunity to sit in Parliament and do the same as men, because they worked the same number of hours a day.
They needed to take an active part in the life of their country. It was this priority of the revolutionary-minded English women that gave the name to the whole movement, which subsequently grew in other countries and continents (from the English. suffrage"Voice, the right to vote").
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After the authorities resolutely refused this unprecedented proposal, the suffragettes caused confusion in 1911, when the census was established. The procedure required leaving their personal details on the proposed form, but as a result, sympathizers of the movement either ruined the forms with protest slogans or went on a picnic all night.
Thus, the British government still does not have accurate census data. According to researchers, the "picnic" that night brought together several thousand women. The slogan of this event was the phrase "If women don't count, neither shall they be counted" ("If women are not taken into account, then they do not need to be counted").
Not all protests were so peaceful.
Women suffragettes, who were in organized groups, smashed almost all the windows of shops and government offices on the streets of London and New York with hammers or bottles and stones hidden in paper.
They took a cue from their leader, Emeline Pankhurst. Mrs. Pankhurst once managed to throw a stone at the window of the government building at the moment when she was grabbed by a policeman who came to the rescue. Nevertheless, one should not forget that the image of a militarized suffragist today is too replicated and stereotyped.
In Asian countries, women did not resort to violence and did not beat unarmed police officers with umbrellas, which their Western sisters did not disdain. The Indian public figure Bhikaji Kama was engaged in charity work and the struggle for a free India at home, but due to illness she moved to Europe.
Throughout her later life, she took an active part in the British and French campaigns against discrimination against women, and also gave rise to revolutionary thought in India by her example. One of the prominent figures of the Asian suffragette movement in London was Sophia Alexandra, a Sikh princess by birth and goddaughter of Queen Victoria.
Early feminists placed great emphasis on sonorous slogans, because competent marketing best friend any revolution.
So, a poster promoting the militancy of women gained popularity. He portrayed the British Minister of Defense of that time, Richard Halden, against the backdrop of a line of picketing women. The caption read: "Ah! If only I could find men who can also go ahead!”
Taking to the streets, women began to take care of themselves much more - the image of a suffragist had to match her strong and independent mistress, and not the hostage of the kitchen and the machine, which she used to be. Her image seemed to be designed to contradict the words she says: the banners were held by hands dressed in elegant lace gloves, and it was customary for her principles to stand with her chest adorned with the best brooches of her owner.
Special attention should be paid to the ribbon, which lies in a colorful bandage on the outwardly fragile female shoulders. This tricolor consisted of violet - the color of fidelity, "pure" white and green, symbolizing hope for a brighter future.
The feminine appearance of the first feminists played into the hands of their popularity not only among middle-class women, but also among secular ladies. Feminism was recognized as a new fashion trend, because militant and at the same time sophisticated troublemakers could not fail to attract the attention of photographers and reporters.
