The syntactic function of the infinitive in a sentence. Presentation on the topic "the syntactic role of the infinitive"
In a sentence, the indefinite form of the verb can act as any member of the sentence.
Approach (subject) it was scary for my brother (M. Gorky).
I ready to talk (predicate) you, field, about wavy rye in the moonlight (S. Yesenin). Yes, and you will go your own way spray (circumstance) joyless days (S. Yesenin). He was sent to her on an errand handed over b (definition) sign (A. Pushkin). Mother in tears punished me cherish (addition) your health, and Savelich look for a child (A. Pushkin).
IN the role of the predicate the infinitive most often appears in the following syntactic constructions:
1) one-part impersonal and infinitive sentences: It is best to understand and forgive!
2) in two-part sentences as part of a compound verb predicate. I wanted to say goodbye to you as a friend (M. Lermontov).
3) in two-part sentences as a simple verbal predicate in a situation where it is likened to forms of the indicative mood and receives a temporary meaning with a nominal subject:
And he stomped, knocked, shouted - nothing came of it!
Subject function
can perform an independent infinitive with a predicate, a noun expressed by a noun, a predicative adverb, another infinitive, less often an adjective in the full form of the instrumental case with a bunch.
Living on earth, even without being in love, is a glorious occupation (A. Chekhov). "To live is to know!" - repeated Lisa (M. Gorky).
as a circumstance
the purpose of the infinitive appears if it refers to verbs of motion (walk, run, jump, move, drive, etc.): We've come to say goodbye.
You came here to listen to my confession, thank you (M. Lermontov). A neighbor sometimes comes over to play cards (A. Pushkin). Tired of spending the night, the fighters went from all the lairs to warm themselves by running, to wash themselves with snow - hard as sand (A. Tvardovsky).
The infinitive, often used in roles of inconsistent definition
, explains an abstract noun with a modal meaning of necessity, possibility, duty, desirability, will, etc. and denotes a sign by internal content: The desire to live did not leave her for a minute.
.
He gave a strict order not to let her out of the room and to make sure that no one spoke to her (A. Pushkin). I have an innate passion to contradict (M. Lermontov).
Sometimes the infinitive with verbs is addition. The infinitive complement denotes an action as an object to which the action of another person is directed (asked to stay, invited to sit down): The king ordered the sleigh to be brought in.
A verb in an indefinite form (infinitive) can be not only the main, but also any minor member of the sentence. It is necessary to distinguish the infinitive in a grammatical basis from the infinitive performing other syntactic functions.
1) Drive (vile.) on such a horse was a pleasure for him.
3) The infinitive acts as circumstances And most often with verbs of motion:
He went to the princess (for what purpose?) say goodbye.
They went abroad for two years (for what purpose? why?)
work in the construction of a hydroelectric power station.
4) The infinitive can be addition , denoting the action of another person (object). In such constructions, mistakes are especially often made, including the infinitive in the composition of the predicate!):
Mother asked(action mothers)me (about what?) call
(action of another person) after classes.
This book teach(action books, subject) you (what?)
understand(action of another person, understand you will You)world of nature.
The servant was told (what?) no one to him keep out (ordered was one person don't let anyone in must servant).
5) The infinitive can be definition , including with an explanatory meaning:
You surprised me with your decision (what?) drive Tomorrow.
He now has only one constant desire (which one)? - sleep.
Exercise 1.In these proposals, the main members are highlighted; read the sentences and explain the legitimacy of highlighting the grammatical basis in each case; indicate the type of predicate.
1) Last years she a lot of works._______
3) Let's check this exercise._______
4) Now we will together choose him a gift.______
5) He came to school on time._______
6) He got furious after learning about it._______
7) In my opinion, stop beating your ass, it's time to take up the mind!______
8) We together we will meet New Year._______
9) We will be glad to see you on our holiday._______
10) She Always glad meeting with you.______
11) This girl will amazing beauty._______
12) For me life still beautiful and amazing!_____
13) He for the second year is mine companion. ______
14) Chosen by you path, In my opinion, The shortest.______
15) This film adaptation seems to me more interesting.______
16) T ema writing seems to be very difficult.______
17) Conflict after these events became more tighter.______
18) She does not want Nothing speak.______
19) It was not necessary to you break up.______
20) Here can't stop for a long time.______
21) I am not going to in front of you make excuses.______
22) You begin something understand.______
23)The city was founded in the nineteenth century.______
24) It the allowance will help you to understand the difficult questions of our subject.______
25) He, I think will be able you help.______
26) She asks stay longer at the dacha.______
27) daughter left study with a friend.______
28) Good faith study – Here today is your task. ______
29) I Badly I know this area and I do not remember, How turned out near the subway.____
30) The young man who rode with us in the same compartment, turned out to be a student of our institute and already on the road managed to please to all the girls . _____
Exercise 2.
What words are the grammatical basis in the following sentences?
A)Each of the employees in such an organization of activities is a generalist.
1) each is a generalist;
2) each of the employees is;
3) each is;
4) Each of the employees is a generalist
b)We have a deputy director - in the past, by the way, a cashier - should, seeing a queue in the trading floor, start serving customers himself.
1) deputy director - cashier;
2) the cashier must;
3) the deputy director should start;
4) Deputy director should start serving.
Exercise 3Mark the number of the sentence with the specified type of predicate:
A)with a simple verb:
1) The room has not been cleaned yet.
2) Your tomorrow will be different.
3) He will study at your school.
4) You will need to take a picture today.
b)with compound verb:
1) In my opinion, he is not to blame at all.
2) Finally, all things are packed!
3) Such reports and messages will help you better understand the events
today's life of the country.
4) I can't go to the cinema with you tomorrow.
V)with compound noun:
1) You must call him after seven.
3) At the lessons he became much more attentive.
4) They are glad to meet you again.
Exercise 4In which case Right What is the grammatical basis of one of the following sentences?
A) A. She sat at the window, turned away, and seemed pale.
B. As a result of the inactivity of the company's management, the financial
the situation began to worsen.
C. Three young birches grew under the windows of the school.
D. The students who were sitting upstairs did not hear this.
1) she sat and seemed (A);
2) the situation has become (B);
3) three birches grew (B);
4) students were sitting, did not hear (D).
b) A. During the presentation, the text will be read to you three times.
B. Latecomers to the lesson stood at the door.
B. They had to drive through the forest to the mill.
D. The square in the middle of the city was large and very dusty.
1) read the text (A);
2) latecomers were standing (B);
3) they should have (B);
4) the area was large (D).
Exercise 5. Indicate the grammatical basis in each sentence; determine the types of predicates and the syntactic functions of the infinitive (which member of the sentence is the infinitive):
1. If you do something nice to the people around you more often, they will become kinder and better.
2. The construction is already nearing completion, so it's time to think about greening this microdistrict.
3. One way to live greener is to use less summer cottages harmful chemicals.
4. Lyubov Sliska said: "Let's stop preventing ourselves from loving our country."
5. Genius is immediately visible, talent must be seen (J. Flanner).
6. Father bequeathed us to study and become educated people.
7. They have already gone to the station to meet you.
8. My brother rushed to catch up with my offender, but he had already managed to escape.
9. And who tells you to mess around? Are you not your own master?
10. Gradually, some kind of indifference began to take possession of him, a desire to give up everything and go somewhere in the wilderness.
11. He advised us to be more circumspect and not rush to conclusions.
12. Life has to be a little crazy, otherwise it's just a series of Thursdays strung on top of each other (K. Costner).
13. He went to visit his parents and will be in the city in two days.
14. We wanted to go further that evening, but the hosts persuaded us to stay overnight.
15. Don't be so upset about the triple, let's do more this week, and then you can correct the grade.
16. Now the main thing for you is to think over a plan of action.
A.V. Kuklina
SYNTAXIC FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE
AS COMPOSITION OF VERB INFINITIVE STRUCTURES
The article attempts to describe the syntactic functions of the infinitive as part of verbal infinitive constructions in the unity of the linear and supralinear aspects.
The question of the syntactic functions of words and phrases in a sentence has not lost its significance in the science of language until now. This is due, first of all, to the fact that the members of a sentence are often interpreted from formal positions (members of a sentence are replaced by the logical concepts of subject, predicate, object), morphological positions (members of a sentence are identified with parts of speech), as well as structural ones (members of a sentence are determined by the position occupied by them in a sentence) positions. Little attention is paid to the grammatical side of the problem: as O.V. Alexandrova (Dolgova), the predominantly grammatical description of the members of the sentence is limited to the formulation of "questions" that are answered by these members of the sentence.
Numerous studies in this area, carried out primarily in the framework of the Moscow State University school under the direction of O.S. Akhmanova and her followers, convincingly showed that the most promising approach is in which the members of the sentence are interpreted as "the most typical combinations of a given syntactic connection and a given content of syntactic relations as the most regularly reproduced in various (diverse) statements" . In other words, the members of a sentence can be represented as more or less typical functions performed by words or phrases in the construction of an utterance.
The fruitfulness of the functional approach was demonstrated on the basis of various syntactic constructions. Taking as a basis the methodological principle of the unity of syntagmatics and syntax, A.N. Morozova on the material of attributive phrases showed that the syntactic in-
© Kuklina A.V., 2006
Kuklina Anna Vladimirovna - Department of English Philology, Samara State University.
interpretation this phenomenon is ambiguous and depends on a number of colligation and collocation features that affect the prosodic organization of this phenomenon in speech. S. A. Suchkova, who studied substantive prepositional combinations, came to a similar conclusion.
However, the need for a functional description of the member structure of a sentence is not limited to substantive groups. Of particular interest in this regard are verbal constructions, primarily combinations of the personal form of the verb with the infinitive. Verbal infinitive constructions have received enough Full description primarily from the point of view of their structure (A.S. Hornby, Ya.M. Vovshin). not ignored and semantic aspect implementation of infinitive constructions: most works provide a fairly detailed list of verbs in personal form, after which the use of the infinitive is mandatory (L.S. Barkhudarov, O.G. Yagodnikova). Regarding the functional load of infinitive constructions in a statement, it should be said that there are still no clear criteria to distinguish between the roles of the infinitive in each specific case.
It is well known that the infinitive in a sentence can act as a component of a sentence member and as an independent member of a sentence. So, I.P. Ivanova and her co-authors talk about the infinitive as an object in the construction I wanted to tell them before they discover, at the same time L.S. Barkhudarov describes the infinitive in the structurally identical construction He seems to know it as part of a verbal compound predicate. A different approach, based on the rejection of the opposition part of the predicate / addition, is offered by G.G. Pocheptsov. Here, as the scientist believes, one should talk about the so-called complication of the predicate, as a result of which a complex syntactic structure arises, its syntactic status changes. Therefore, infinitive constructions of the type I like to sing, where both verbal elements correspond to one subject, should be considered as a complicated member of the sentence.
However, the matter is not limited to the problem of the independence of the infinitive as a member of the sentence. In the interpretation of the infinitive, the "eternal" question of distinguishing between secondary members of the verb group - additions and circumstances - is quite clearly manifested. V.V. Burlakova analyzes different approaches to the distinction between complement and circumstance (primarily semantic and transformational) and comes to the conclusion that it is fundamentally impossible to find universal objective criteria for their distinction. B.A. Ilyish proposes to talk about "neutralization of differences" in cases where the object and circumstance cannot be distinguished, to call them "secondary members" without clarifying the syntactic essence.
All of the above has convincingly shown that the existing linguistic science methods to resolve the issue of the role of infinitive constructions in a sentence is not possible. In our opinion, it is the appeal to the function performed by the infinitive in the statement that will allow us to get rid of both the structural and the semantic approach to delimiting the elements of the verb group.
A.I. Smirnitsky believes that "the function of the infinitive in a sentence ... is the further disclosure of the word to which the infinitive refers, that is, the function of explanation, while the specific relationship between the infinitive and the words combined with it is determined by the semantics of these words." It is on the meaning of the components of infinitive constructions that it depends whether the impersonal form of the verb approaches the object or circumstance. In other words, the explanation (extension) acts as a special member of the sentence, developing the content of the word preceding it. The syntactic connection of the explanation with the control word is characterized by sufficient mobility, approaching in its expression an attributive or complex connection.
The thesis that an appeal to sounding speech will make it possible to find objective criteria for determining the syntactic role of infinitive constructions was voiced in the doctoral dissertation of A.N. Morozova "Dialectical unity of linear and supralinear series in the dynamics of utterance". Within the framework of this article, the task is to describe the syntactic functions of infinitive constructions in the light of the interaction of their linear organization (morphosyntactic and lexical-phraseological features) and the supralinear series of the utterance (prosodic organization of speech segments).
Audio recordings of works of English fiction of the second half of the 20th century (J. Fowles "The French Lieutenant's Woman", J. Harris "Chocolate", S. Townsend "Adrian Mole and Weapons of Mass Destruction"), read by professional actors, served as the material for the experimental phonetic study. . The total sample size is about 530 speech units, which are distinguished by a significant variety both in morphosyntactic and lexico-phraseological terms.
Held structural analysis The material showed that both the verb in the personal form and the infinitive can have dependent components, and the latter are words, phrases and predicative units:
1. personal verb + infinitive + (dependent component):
When I got home to Ashby de la Zouch my parents informed me that they had decided to sell up (ST, p. 27).
I meant to do what was best (FLW, p. 428).
2. verb in personal form + dependent component + infinitive + (dependent component):
She warned me to take care (ST. P. 74).
- "I'll tell Anouk to remind you," I told them (Choc. P. 37).
As the analysis showed, the most typical construction is “personal verb + infinitive + (dependent component)” (74.5%), while “personal verb + dependent component + infinitive + (dependent component)” is less common. common (25.5%).
It is known that the speech flow is divided into syntagmas with the help of prosodic means. The phrasing of a particular speech work depends on its content, as well as the intention of the author, that is, due to the need to convey to the listener the meaning of the statement. First of all, the syntactic construction of the syntagma affects the phrasing of the text. As observations of speech material have shown, the factor of the contact or distant location of the infinitive in relation to the verb in the personal form can influence the supra-linear organization of the utterance. And although it is impossible to speak of an unambiguous correspondence between the prosodic design of the syntagma and its structural features, one can still distinguish some patterns:
(1) He Iknew at \once Z where he , wished to ...go|| (FLW. P. 117)
(2) She llooked to .see his reaction|| (FLW. P. 141)
(3) So I preltended to -search the \racks|| (ST. p. 14)
(4) There were \months| \years left in her| and she "wanted to -see A\merica| iNew \York + the iFlorida ...Everglades|| (Choc. P. 45)
(5) My \mother f had in\vited them| to lhave a -cup of \tea|| (ST. P. 72)
(6) And ,then| she turned \fully to .look at Charles|| (FLW. P. 170)
(7) I isat on the /balcony| to icool Mown|| (ST. P. 150).
(8) It "took longer than -I had "hoped| to ,get to ,Deepcut „ Barracks| due to the imany ciga\rette stops| delmanded by my ..passengers|| (ST. P. 50)
In examples (1), (2), (3) and (4), infinitive constructions have a close syntactic connection, as they are characterized by the global nature of the prosodic expression, as evidenced by the absence of a pause between the verb in the personal form and the infinitive, as well as the emphasis of both in the speech stream through even and uneven tones. In examples (5), (6), (7) and (8), the personal verb and the infinitive are in a distant position, and not only the controlling verb, but also the infinitive have dependent components. This factor affects the phrasing of the speech flow: syntactic links are weakened, as evidenced by the implementation of the pause. The prosodic solidity of the infinitive construction is destroyed, the syntactic connection between its components is weakened, as a result of infinitives with dependent components
nentami gains greater independence, functioning as an independent member of the proposal.
In addition to morphosyntactic factors, the prosodic implementation of verbal infinitive constructions is influenced by lexical and phraseological features, that is, the semantics of the verb in the personal form. The literature on this issue contains information about the lexical characteristics of verbs in the personal form that attach the infinitive. Most control verbs have one of the following meanings: the value of the modal characteristic of the connection of actions with the subject (can/could, may/might, must, shall, should, to be, to have, ought, dare, need); specific characteristics of the action (to begin, to come, to continue, to get, to go, to leave, to move, to return, to run, to set out, to start, to stay, to stop, to turn); appearances of action (to appear, to seem, to take); expected action (to happen, to prove, to think, to turn out); the relationship of the subject to action (to bear, to bother, to care, to dread, to hope, to intend, to like, to long, to want, to wish); reality of action (to arrange, to decide, to manage, to pretend, to refuse); the feasibility of the action (to attempt, to deign, to try); processes of mental activity (to be expected, to be meant, to be supposed); communication processes (to be asked, to be said); provocativeness (to be allowed, to be called, to be empowered, to be forbidden, to be instructed, to be persuaded).
The prosodic globality of the infinitive construction can be destroyed if the verb in the personal form is so semantically saturated that it implements the predicative function in isolation from the infinitive. In such cases, the infinitive only complements the meaning of the verb in the personal form, which is reflected on the supralinear level through the implementation of a pause between the components of the infinitive construction and the use of uneven tones, and the presence or absence of dependent components in both the verb in the personal form and the infinitive does not matter. Most often, semantically more significant are the verbs denoting the reality of the performance of the action (1), as well as the specific characteristic of the action (2):
(1) I decided| to \talk to her to , day|| (Choc, p. 134)
II pre „tended| Not to \notice| until the "ladies f had left the \shop with their ..parcels|| (Choc, p. 31)
(2) iShe just -went up\stairs| to Ilie ...down|| (Choc, p. 104)
He I smiled - grimly at \Charles| then \stopped| to Itop lup their ...glasses|| (FLW, p. 152)
In our opinion, the results of the experimental prosodic study allow us to say that the colligative and collocation features of infinitive constructions have a significant impact on their functioning in a sentence. The infinitive as part of a construction can act either as part of the predicate, or as an independent member of the sentence, receiving a certain prosodic design. syntactic
the connection between the components of the construction is characterized by sufficient mobility, approaching in its expression in different cases to an attributive or complex connection.
Bibliographic list
1. Dolgova (Aleksandrova), O.V. Syntax as a science of speech construction / O.V. Dolgov. - M., 19S0.
2. Akhmanova, O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms / O.S. Akhmanov. - 2nd ed., stereotypical. - M., 19b9.
3. Morozova, A.N. Dialectical unity of linear and supralinear series in the dynamics of utterance: dis. ... Dr. Philol. Sciences / A.N. Morozov. - M., 199b.
4. Suchkova, S.A. A substantive phrase with the preposition "of" in the dynamics of an utterance. abstract dis. ... cand. philol. Sciences / S.A. Suchkov. - Samara, 199S.
5. Hornby, A. S. Constructions and turnovers of the English language / per. from English. A.S. Ignatieva / A.S. Hornby. - M., 1992.
6. Vovshin, YaM. Transformational Syntax of Verb Constructions in Modern English / JM. Vovshin. - M^ot, 19S3.
7. Barkhudarov, L.S. The structure of a simple sentence in modern English / L.S. Barkhudarov. - M., 19bb.
S. Yagodnikova, O.G. Grammar English verb in tables. Impersonal forms of the verb / O.G. Yagodnikova, L.P. Driga, L. A. Shamray, et al. - Kyiv, 19S9.
9. Ivanova, I.P. Theoretical grammar of modern English: textbook / I.P. Ivanova, V.V. Burlakova, G.G. Pocheptsov. - M., 19S1.
10. Barkhudarov, L.S. Grammar of the English language / L.S. Barkhudarov, D. A. Shteling. - 4th ed., Rev. - M., 1973.
11. Pocheptsov, G.G. Constructive analysis of the sentence structure / G.G. Pochep-tsov. - Kyiv, 1971.
12. Burlakova, V.V. Fundamentals of phrase structure in modern English / V.V. Burlakova. - L., 1975.
13. Ilyish, B.A. The structure of the modern English language / B. A. Ilyish. - L., 1971.
14. Smirnitsky, A.I. The syntax of the English language / A.I. Smirnitsky. - M., 1957.
List of sources of factual material and abbreviations adopted for them
1. Fowles, J. The French Lieutenant's Woman / J. Fowles. - Vintage, 199b. (FLW)
2. Harris, J. Chocolat / J. Harris. - Black Swan, 2000. (Choc)
3. Townsend, S. Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction / S. Townsend. -Penguin Books, 2005. (ST)
154 BecmHUK Ccrnry. 2006. No. 10/2 (50)
SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF VERBAL INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
The paper deals with the syntactical functions of the infinitive as part of verbal infinitive constructions in speech, their morphosyntactical and lexico-phraseological peculiarities and prosodic realization.
The infinitive is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, which, apparently, is one of the reasons for inaccuracies in the analysis of the syntactic role of the infinitive.
Infinitive - initial form the verb is very syntactically mobile: it is able to occupy the syntactic positions of both main and secondary members in a sentence; those. in speech, the infinitive shows a variety of functional and semantic properties. Depending on this, the subjective infinitive, the predicate infinitive, the object infinitive, the circumstantial (target) infinitive, and the attributive infinitive are distinguished.
The most common among them is the predicate infinitive.
The traditional idea of the independent infinitive and the dependent infinitive (here we single out the subjective one) seems to be insufficiently adequate and correct. The future language teacher needs to be guided in the functional and semantic properties of the infinitive, in its syntactic role in the sentence. Knowing this makes it easier to understand the multifaceted communicative essence of the infinitive.
subjective infinitive
The subjective infinitive denotes a grammatical subject, i.e. the subject of thought (statement) is the subject of a two-part sentence, because its actual feature is expressed by the second main member of the sentence - the predicate. The infinitive subject usually stands before the predicate, grammatically does not depend on any member of the sentence, i.e. does not agree with any word, is not controlled by any member and does not adjoin any member of the sentence, it reveals syntactic synonymy with the verbal noun in the form of the nominative case, the position of which it occupies.
For example:
Smoking is injurious to health. (Proverb); … chasing lost happiness is useless and reckless. (M. Lermontov); Hunting on skis is very tiring... (S. Aksakov); Staying in Bogucharovo became dangerous. (L. Tolstoy); To invent is to dream. (Kozhevnikov); It is forbidden to eat here. (Announcement).
Cf.: Smoking is injurious to health; The pursuit of lost happiness is useless and reckless. Hunting on skis is exhausting. Etc.
In the given examples, the infinitive acts as a subject, although not morphologized, atypical. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: "The infinitive here is not the real subject, i.e. the designation of the" subject "to which the sign expressed in the predicate is attributed." Such an infinitive subject is a "substitute" for the subject, "substitution is a grammatical fact ...", the form of the infinitive itself is not indifferent to such substitution, because of all verb forms, the infinitive is the only one, by its very nature, capable of some (minimum) approximation to the noun.
The subject infinitive takes one position with the personal verb, forming a compound verbal predicate with it, but only if this personal verb is auxiliary (phase, modal or emotional), as in the sentences: ... In the end, I completely stopped thinking about the purpose of my trip. (Yu. Nagibin); ... All people sometimes want to cry ... (E. Yevtushenko); She was afraid to speak loudly. Compound predicates here - I stopped thinking, I want to cry, I was afraid to speak. Another condition for the participation of the infinitive in the formation of the predicate is its dependence on the predicative and the predicative adverb, for example: But by the way, you can’t put on shoes without spending. - You can stand and sit in them. In any weather. (N. Matveeva). The infinitive cannot be put on depending on the predicate and forms a predicate with it; the infinitives stand and sit form predicates with the predicate can. In the sentence I am ashamed to shake hands Flatterers, liars, thieves and scoundrels ... (A. Tarkovsky) the infinitive to shake depends on the predicative adverb ashamed and forms a predicate with it.
The subject infinitive is associated with a personal verb that does not belong to the category of auxiliary, therefore, it cannot be in the position of the predicate, but occupies other positions, which are also determined by substituting the question. Consider suggestions. Small children! Do not go to Africa for anything in the world, go for a walk in Africa! (K. Chukovsky). In combination, do not go for a walk, the personal verb, having the meaning of movement, is not included in the category of auxiliary ones, therefore it is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal: do not go (for what purpose?) to walk. We ... walk around Africa Forever forget! (K. Chukovsky) - let's forget (about what?) Walking.
Thus, the function of the subject, i.e. subjective infinitive in speech is not clear enough. Nevertheless, the prepositive position of the infinitive when the predicate follows it and the possibility of its syntactic synonymy with the nominative case of the noun confirm the subject function of the subjective infinitive.
predicative infinitive
The predicate infinitive is the most important semantic center of a two-part sentence, a component of a simple analytical predicate, in which the grammatical meanings of the future tense and the indicative mood are expressed by the conjugated form of the verb to be; for example: We were surprised to ask: is Silvio really not going to fight? (A. Pushkin); ... during a thunderstorm, clouds will descend to my roof. (M. Lermontov); Some month would pass, and Anna Sergeevna, it seemed to him, would be covered in a fog in his memory and only occasionally would dream with a touching smile, like others dreamed. (A. Chekhov); We will play a wedding, I will crawl on my knees ... (K. Serafimov). I will speak to the whole world. (K. Paustovsky); I don't know yet what I'm going to write. (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an indispensable component of a widely used compound verbal predicate, in which it depends on the conjugated form of the connective-auxiliary verb of semi-abstract, modal and phase infinitives such as become, be able, continue, stop, etc .; For example: Everyone began to interpret furtively, joke, judge not without sin, Tatiana read the groom. (A. Pushkin); ... I could not look around for a long time. (M. Lermontov); The girl stopped crying ... (N. Korolenko); He did not answer and continued to look at Claudine. (Panova); Let him just try to come! (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an essential component of a compound predicate. The last infinitive expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate in it, and the previous infinitive of the type decide, wait, endure, start, dare, etc., a short predicative adjective like ready, much, must, must, is able, etc. as a semantic complicator, together with a connective- auxiliary verb (materially expressed or "null") forms a connective part. For example: I was ready to love the whole world ... (M. Lermontov); Princess Marya ... could not make up her mind to leave him alone, and for the first time in her life allowed herself to disobey him. (L. Tolstoy); But still, he could wait to boast of the order in his boys' school. (Prilezhaeva); I shouldn't dare to tell you about it. (I. Turgenev); In the middle of the road, he once again forced himself to stop thinking about the impossible. (K. Simonov).
We also note that when analyzing a complex predicate, it is sometimes difficult to determine its syntactic connection with the subject-infinitive. Wed:
To teach is to sharpen the mind. (Proverb);
To teach is like sharpening the mind;
To teach means to sharpen the mind.
These varieties, perhaps, limit the connection of the predicate with the infinitive subject. You cannot call it grammatical agreement, since the infinitive subject is devoid of inflectional formants (affixes), and therefore the predicate cannot have adequate ones either. Here, apparently, coordination manifests itself, i.e. logical agreement.
object infinitive
The objective infinitive performs the function of a grammatical object in a sentence, i.e. additions. It refers to a verbal predicate with a lexical intellectual-imperative meaning (ordered, demanded, asked, forced, offered, advised, helped, forced, persuaded, etc.), is connected with this predicate by the method of adjunction.
The object infinitive denotes an action (state) as an object of activity of someone, something that is not the subject. The object infinitive never occupies the same position as the personal verb, i.e. cannot be predicated. To determine its syntactic function, we use the usual technique - we substitute the question: And I ask you not to pester me - the infinitive takes the position of the complement. Similarly: We invited readers to work as private detectives ... (from the newspaper), the infinitive to work is an addition. He answers questions of the complement (semantic questions homonymous to questions of indirect cases).
The object infinitive can enter into syntactic synonymous relations with the object noun (prepositional-substantive combination) in the function of the complement. The infinitive object is a kind of atypical, i.e. non-morphologized complement. For example: Domestic circumstances forced me to settle in a poor village in the N county. (A. Pushkin). The drizzling rain made me return to the tent. (Arseniev); ... grandfather forbade me to walk around the yard and in the garden for some kind of offense. (M. Gorky); She seemed to be asking her not to call and not to shame, because she herself is not feeling well in her soul ... (K. Paustovsky). This belief in the imaginary is the force that makes a person look for the imaginary in life, fight for its embodiment, follow the call of the imagination, as old Hidalgo did, and finally create the imaginary in reality. (K. Paustovsky). Cf .: Domestic circumstances forced me to settle in a poor village ... Cf. See also: He will teach you to save words, brevity, accuracy. (M. Gorky); He will bring you food and vodka. (M. Gorky).
Here, in one context, infinitive and ordinary (substantive) additions are used in parallel.
In rare cases, it is possible to use an infinitive object dependent on a difficult predicate, for example: No one dared to offer Sobol to correct his [story]. (K. Paustovsky).
The object infinitive can take the position of the circumstance of the goal: He willingly gave them (books) to read. Wed also a replacement: gave for reading.
Infinitive adverbial
It performs in the sentence the syntactic role (function) of a secondary member - the circumstance of the goal. He spreads the predicate - a verbal word form with the lexical meaning of movement (to go, come, sit down, lay down, come, sit down, get together, etc.), depends on this predicate, connects with it by the method of adjunction, answers the questions why? for what purpose? However, we must remember about the ambiguity of words. So, for example, the verb to go is polysemantic: along with the direct meaning "to move", it can realize a figurative one - "to start doing something, start to carry out", in the latter case it acts as an auxiliary and, together with the infinitive, forms a compound verbal predicate, cf .: And they went to laugh - Limpopo. (K. Chukovsky). Went to laugh means they started to laugh, this is a compound verb predicate with a phase auxiliary verb denoting the beginning of the action.
The circumstantial infinitive easily enters into a relationship of syntactic synonymy with an infinitive turnover that has a pronounced target meaning and is attached to the part being explained by a subordinating conjunction to. For example: It became stuffy in the sakla, and I went out to freshen up. After the rally, Cherepanov invited Frolov to dinner.
Attributive infinitive
It is a minor member in the proposal - an inconsistent definition. Such an infinitive depends on the noun and is associated with it by adjunction. The attributive infinitive answers the questions what? which? which? what?, coming from the noun being defined. Along with the main, definitive meaning, a substantive phrase with a dependent infinitive can express additional shades (objective, causal, etc.). The syncretic attributive infinitive reveals synonymy with the corresponding prepositional-nominal combination. For example: Zurin was ordered to cross the Volga. (Pushkin); I have an innate passion for contradiction. (Lermontov); [Compare: command to cross...; innate passion for contradiction…].
Finally, the infinitive is often used in the function of the main member of a one-part sentence.
The main member of a one-part sentence, expressed by the infinitive, is the predicative center of the statement. There are such varieties with the main member - the infinitive.
1. Infinitive - the main member of a one-part personal sentence. This is the main member in the form of a predicate.
I like to sleep long, but I am ashamed to get up late.
2. Infinitive - the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence. Here the infinitive is an integral component of the analytical construction.
They don't give away the good ones, but they don't want to take the bad ones.
3. Infinitive - the main member of the infinitive sentence. In this usage, it is absolutely grammatically independent, expresses a potential procedural meaning, which is usually correlated with dative case subject.
Russian infinitive Dagestan school
Do not catch up with you crazy trio.
The dative subject may or may not be present. Wed:
A good deed is to speak the truth boldly.
In linguistic analysis, cases where several infinitives are used in one sentence (especially those with different functions) cause particular difficulty. These are examples of the type The habit of wandering around the maps and seeing different places in your imagination helps you see them correctly in reality.
Possessing a small number of morphological properties, the infinitive has developed complex system syntactic properties that are found in a phrase, sentence, text. So, the indefinite form can be used independently, combined with several parts of speech, defined by semantics and form. Let's name, first of all, combinations with personal forms of verbs - seeks to find out, decided to go, wants to leave, went to ask, invited to talk; combinations with participles - striving to find out, deciding to go, wanting to leave; combinations with gerunds - trying to find out, deciding to go, inviting to talk; combinations with abstract nouns - the desire to leave, the decision to go, the desire to leave; with full and short adjectives - ready to help, inclined to exaggerate, intends to leave; with the words of the category of state - one must not be late, one can study, one must announce. Of all these combinations, the most frequent and productive are combinations with personal verbs and words of the state category.
Infinitive sentences
Infinitive sentences are one-part sentences with the main member-predicate, pronounced infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action. For example:
Do not turn a stone out of the way with thought. (M. Gorky);
Be a great storm! (A. Pushkin);
The clouds of the sun cannot hide, the world cannot be defeated by war. (Proverb).
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in the composition of the predicative stem. In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate necessarily includes a verb or a word of the state category, to which the infinitive adjoins: Yes, you can drink in the heat, in a thunderstorm, in frosts, yes, you can starve and get cold, go to death, but these three birches life cannot be given to anyone. (Simonov). In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words obey it in semantic and grammatical terms: Do not catch up with the crazy three! (N. Nekrasov). Wed See also: Don't (shouldn't, shouldn't, shouldn't) rush to answer! - Do not rush to answer!
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in their general meaning. If the main (typical) mass of impersonal sentences denotes an action that occurs and proceeds independently of the agent, then in infinitive sentences the actor is encouraged to take active action, the desirability, the need for active action are noted. The nature of the agent (definite, indefinite or generalized person) in infinitive sentences has a semantic-stylistic meaning, and in impersonal sentences the uncertainty of the producer of the action has a structural-syntactic meaning.
Infinitive sentences are one of the syntactic means of expressing modal meanings. In infinitive sentences, modality is expressed "by the very form of the infinitive and intonation, but is enhanced and differentiated by particles."
Infinitive sentences without a particle would express the modal meanings of obligation, necessity, impossibility, inevitability, etc.: Who are you talking to? Be silent! (A. Chekhov); Always shine, shine everywhere, until the last days of the bottom, shine - and no nails! Here is my slogan - and the sun! (V. Mayakovsky); Do not grow grass after autumn. (A. Koltsov).
Infinitive sentences without indicating the person-actor are often used in the titles of articles that are in the nature of an appeal, in slogans, etc.: Grow a big harvest! Harvest without loss! Create an abundance of food for the population and raw materials for industry! Wed See also: Don't be late for class! Don't talk during class! Do not smoke at the institute!
Often, infinitive sentences of this structure have the meaning of rhetorical questions: Well, how not to please your dear little man! (Griboyedov).
Infinitive sentences with a particle would express the desirability of an action, fear about its commission or warning, an unfulfilled action, etc.: I would like to mow, plow, sow, ride horses ... (A. Chekhov). I would pick a big, big bouquet here and bring it quietly to the headboard. (A. Surkov); Oh, if it would rain on my life, I would not consider my life wasted aimlessly! (V. Soloukhin); Don't miss the train! (E. Serebrovskaya); At least one mangy partridge to see. (V. Sanin).
Infinitive sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole are often “fitted” into the semantics of the sentence by the pronoun-subject of this: Wait? It was not in his rules (V. Kataev); Wandering through the mountains with a hammer and a bag on your shoulders, riding a horse, living in a tent, seeing peaks blazing under the sun ... Is it really going to happen? (L. Volynsky). In terms of their semantic-functional role, such sentences are close to the so-called "nominative representation", the structural core of which is formed by nouns.
The specificity of infinitive sentences is created by the infinitive, which combines the properties of the verb and the name. Approaching one side with the impersonal, the other with the nominative, infinitive sentences form a special variety one-part sentences.
Determining the place of infinitive sentences in the system of types of a simple sentence and in modern linguistics is debatable. Some scientists single them out as a special kind of one-part sentences, others include them in impersonal sentences. In a school textbook, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal ones.
Infinitive sentences thus express a variety of modal and expressive meanings:
1) inevitability: Be in trouble;
2) desirability: Sleep for at least an hour;
3) duty: You go;
4) opportunity: Now just live;
5) impossibility: You can't get through here;
7) rhetorical question: Do you know him? - How not to know!;
8) other emotionally expressive meanings: Refuse the operation! How could you think of such a thing!; Retreat? Give up? Never!
The infinitive is widely used in interrogative sentences(How to get to the library?), as well as in complex sentences to express various modal meanings - in the subordinate purpose: I came to talk; V subordinate clause: If I were to talk to him, I'm sure he would change dramatically; in adverbial tense: Before taking the exam, you need to prepare.
Infinitive sentences usually have a paradigm consisting of one form, but sentences with the meaning of impossibility have four forms: There is no way here; There was no way to get through here (and today they laid boards); It will not be possible to pass here; It would not be possible to pass here (if the boards had not been laid).
Thus, in this paragraph we have shown that the infinitive is very actively used in speech and that the most striking feature of this form of the verb is that the infinitive can be any member of the sentence, both main and secondary.
As regards infinitive sentences, we can once again note the following: they express different modal meanings; they must be distinguished from impersonal sentences. Infinitive sentences, according to some scientists, form a special kind of one-part sentences. Other scientists include them in the composition of the impersonal. In the school textbook, they are considered as part of the impersonal.
The syntactic role of the infinitive
Among verb forms infinitive occupies a special place, because can act as any member of the proposal.
Main target of this article is a generalization of information about the syntactic function of the infinitive.
The infinitive as the main members of the sentence
Acting as subject, the infinitive names an action or state as the subject of an utterance.
Options: 1. Both main members are verbs in indefinite form: Repeat and teach - sharpen the mind. 2. One is a noun in the nominative case, the other is an infinitive: Learning is our task. Playing chess is his main occupation in life.
What may arise difficulties when parsing a sentence?
It is not always obvious which part of the sentence is the verb in the indefinite form . Independent infinitive, coming first in a sentence, intonation separated from the predicate and naming an independent action, the characteristic of which is contained in the predicate, is subject: It was not easy to convince him of anything. Living on earth is a glorious occupation. Loving you is a big challenge.
But the infinitive-subject can also stand after the predicate, if it has an estimated value: The worst thing in our work is to stop growing. His job was to take care of the younger ones and take care of the older ones. It is a waste of time to fish without a hook and learn without a book.
If under one of the main terms there is link THIS, it is clear that before us is the predicate, and the infinitive is the subject: It is against our law to remember the old. What a blessing it is to respect your parents.
The infinitive-subject, like the infinitive-predicate, can include words dependent on it, if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. Often this is found in proverbs, aphorisms: Stealing from a thief is only a waste of time. To teach a fool is to treat the dead. Playing a song is not a field to yell. Doing nothing is hard work. Leading the house - do not shake your beard. Drinking tea is not chopping wood. To talk about what has been decided is only to confuse.
The combination of the infinitive with words on -O:
If the infinitive comes first in the sentence, and then the word for -O follows, we have a two-part sentence with the subject - the infinitive: Running in the morning is useful. Joking with the enemy is dangerous.
Rearranging the infinitive to the second place after the -O word, which is a category of state, turns the sentence into an impersonal one: It is useless to argue with him. It was not easy to get to work that day because of the snowstorm.
The presence in the infinitive of the words of the category of state must, necessary, necessary, impossible, possible, etc. suggests that this is a predicate of impersonal sentences, regardless of the word order: You can get lost here. It was impossible to ask about it.
Independent infinitive can act as a predicate in one-part infinitive sentences (in school textbooks they are considered as a kind of impersonal constructions): Get out of order! Who would you argue with?
Use of the infinitive in a compound verb predicate. It has two parts: auxiliary and main. The first conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, number or gender, the second (infinitive) - the main lexical meaning: Athletes began to compete. We want to meet again.
Attention! In the presence of two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate, if actions refer to one person- to the subject of action: Ranks are given by people, but people can be deceived. (Griboedov) If actions are performed by different people, then the infinitive is not part of the compound verbal predicate, but acts as a secondary member: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals for a shot. (Griboyedov)
Infinitive in the role of secondary members of the sentence
Inconsistent definition.
The infinitive explains nouns with the modal meaning of possibility, necessity, desirability, will, etc.: There was an urgent need to talk. Suddenly, the opportunity arose to leave this city as soon as possible.
Sometimes the infinitive defines abstract nouns with a different meaning: Your way of constantly arguing annoys me. Travelers did not leave the idea to return to the island.
Addition.
If conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs refer to different persons: As a child, my father taught me to fish. I advise you to read this book.
Purpose circumstance.
If the infinitive refers to verbs of motion: Chichikov went into the room to get dressed and wash. In the evening we went to the embankment to look at the ships.
Slotina Nadezhda Stanislavovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, KGOAU KFML
