What branch of the economy does the lawyer belong to? Branches of the economy: types, classification, management and economics

The economy of any country is a single complex of interrelated industries. Each state, depending on its national and historical traditions, geographical and geopolitical conditions and labor skills of the population, creates its own unique complex of sectors of the national economy, the formation of which is increasingly influenced by the international cooperation with other countries.

When analyzing national economy distinguish such concepts as spheres, industries, complexes, sectors of the economy.

According to participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, social production is divided into two large areas: material production and the non-material sphere.

Material production includes industry, agriculture and forestry, freight transport, communications (serving material production), construction, trade, public catering, information and computing services, and other activities in the sphere of material production.

The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sphere and the population), healthcare, Physical Culture and social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, the activities of the administrative apparatus.

In turn, each of the sectors of the economy is divided into industries.

An industry is a set of enterprises and organizations characterized by a commonality of products, production technology, fixed assets, professional training of workers and satisfaction of needs.

Industry according to Russian statistics is divided into heavy, light and food industries. The heavy industry includes: electric power industry, fuel industry, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, as well as industry building materials. Light industry includes textile, clothing, leather, footwear, and fur industries. To the food - food, meat, dairy, fish industries.

The sectoral division of the economy is the result of the historical process of development of the social division of labor. The development of society and the economy, the further deepening of the specialization of production lead to the formation of new industries. Simultaneously with specialization and differentiation, there are processes of cooperation, integration of production, leading to the development of stable production relations between industries, to the creation of mixed industries and intersectoral complexes.

An intersectoral complex is an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and product distribution. In the composition of industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes. The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different sectors of the national economy, are distinguished by a more complex structure.

On the basis of the division of labor, one can single out intersectoral and single-industry, territorial-production, intersectoral scientific and technical complexes.

The constituent elements of the economic complex can be grouped into sectors of the economy. A sector is understood as a set of institutional units that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior. Thus, the sector of non-financial enterprises unites enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit, and non-profit organizations that do not pursue the goal of making a profit.

The financial enterprise sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.

The government sector is the totality of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.

The household sector mainly includes consuming units.

The external sector is a set of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e. located outside the country) with economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations located on the territory of a given country.

The public sector is also distinguished as a set of enterprises, organizations, institutions owned and managed by the state. government bodies or by persons appointed by them, and the private sector as part of the economy not under state control.

According to international statistics, the economy is usually divided into industries that produce goods and industries that provide services. The sectors producing goods include industry, agriculture, construction and other branches of material production (publishing, recycling of secondary raw materials, collecting wild mushrooms and berries, etc.). Service industries include education, transport, commerce, healthcare, general public administration, defense, etc.

B. Gribov, V. Gryzinov

Each country runs its own economy. It is thanks to industry that the budget is replenished, the necessary goods, products, and raw materials are produced. The degree of development of the state largely depends on the efficiency of the national economy. The higher it is developed, the greater the economic potential of the country and, accordingly, the standard of living of its citizens. The branches of the national economy are managed by special bodies. Often strategically important enterprises are controlled by the state.

The concept of a branch of the economy

All enterprises, factories, institutions that are engaged in the manufacture of products or services of the same type constitute a certain industry. Very often, economic sectors closely interact with each other. They use in their production materials, raw materials, equipment from other industries. All branches of the national economy can be divided into two groups. The first is the mining industry. It is engaged in the extraction of minerals and other varieties of raw materials. This also includes the extraction of seafood. The second category is the manufacturing industry. This type is engaged in the processing of all kinds of raw materials and materials. The main branches of the national economy are directly industry, agriculture, construction, and the transport system. They, in turn, are divided into other subtypes.

Economic zones of Russia

The territory of the country has an uneven distribution of mineral reserves. That is why the branches of the Russian economy form two large economic zones: East and West. The first unites Siberia, the Far East and is characterized by considerable reserves of resources. The western part prevails here and does not have such a raw material base. Therefore, here the branches of the economy are mainly manufacturing. 2/3 of all industrial regions are concentrated in this region.

Branches of the national economy. Classification

Depending on the purpose of the product, the industries of groups "A" and "B" are distinguished. The first is engaged in the manufacture of means of production, the second - consumer products. Also distinguish between production and branches of the economy, which belong to the production sphere:

All services, public services constitute a non-productive sphere:

healthcare;
education;
public utilities;
art, culture;
finance, pension provision;
science, etc.

Gas, oil, coal industry

The country's fuel and energy complex is a very important indicator of its development and economic potential. The gas industry includes the exploration of gas fields, its production, transportation and use. It is relatively inexpensive to produce blue fuel. For example, the cost exceeds the cost by more than 10 times. The oil industry is engaged in the search for deposits, production and delivery of oil. Natural gas is also produced at the same time. The most expensive is the coal industry. Stone, mined in mines. Such branches of the economy require significant financial investments, as well as a large amount of human resources.

Power industry

The fuel and energy complex also includes the production and distribution of electrical energy. It is produced at thermal power plants, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants. Thermal power plants use gas, coal, fuel oil or peat for production. When they burn thermal energy turns into electricity. Hydroelectric power plants are built on the banks of large reservoirs. The cost of electricity produced by them is much lower. If the region does not have rivers and large reserves of fuel, then nuclear power plants are being built. In their work, fuel consumption is used much less. Another undoubted advantage is the preservation of cleanliness environment. A new word in energy - geothermal stations. They use the internal heat of the earth (located near volcanoes).

Metallurgy

The sectors of the economy of many countries (including Russia) include the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Allocate full-cycle metallurgy (production of cast iron, steel, rolled metal) and conversion, in which there is no cast iron. The location of enterprises of this type is affected by the availability of raw materials and electricity. The branches of the national economy of Russia, which are engaged in the production of steel and rolled products, are one of the world leaders. The technology of manufacturing non-ferrous metals has a number of features. First of all, ores are mined, then they are enriched. Concentrate, draft metal is produced. To give it the necessary properties and parameters, a refining operation is performed. There are production of heavy (nickel, lead, tin) and light (aluminum). Metallurgy of heavy metals is material-intensive: the production of one ton of metal requires several hundred tons of ore. Most often, such enterprises are located near sources of raw materials.

mechanical engineering

Enterprises must take into account a number of factors: the availability of raw materials and consumers, highly qualified personnel, favorable transport and geographical position. This includes the following sectors of the economy: the automotive industry, the car building industry, the production of ships, and tractors. Also included in this category are instrumentation, manufacturing household appliances and electronic computers. This industry is also engaged in the manufacture of parts and components.

Enterprises of forestry, chemical industries

Products of the timber industry complex meet us every day. These include notebooks, furniture and much more. The logging branches of the economy are engaged in the collection, processing and processing of wood. Often such enterprises are located in regions with extensive tree plantings. The woodworking industry produces building parts from wood, plywood, and furniture.

This area also includes the sawmill industry. Pulp and paper branches of the economy produce paper, cardboard, pulp, paper containers and much more. There is also a wood chemical industry. It is engaged in the manufacture of solvents, methyl alcohol, hydrolysis production. The chemical industry includes the manufacture of fibers, dyes, plastics, and the paint and varnish industry. This complex also includes pharmacology, the production of substances of organic synthesis, household chemicals.

Branches of agriculture

Agriculture is a fairly important component of the country's economy, because it provides the population with food. This category is divided into animal husbandry and the cultivation of all kinds of plants (vegetables, fruits, cereals and industrial crops, etc.).

The branches of agriculture that are engaged in animal breeding are cattle breeding (meat, dairy breeds), sheep breeding, and poultry farming. There are also farms for growing pigs, horses, fish. Beekeeping is also one of the areas of animal husbandry.

The manufacturing sector includes.

Industries that create wealth - industry, agriculture, construction;

Industries that deliver material benefits to the consumer - transport and communications;

Industries associated with the production process in the sphere of circulation - trade, catering, logistics, marketing, procurement.

Wealth Creation Industries are divided into the primary sector (mining, raw materials) and the secondary sector (processing).

Part primary sector includes coal, gas, oil, mining, timber harvesting, fishing, agriculture, mining and processing, etc.

Part secondary sector includes oil refining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, mechanical engineering and metalworking, production of industrial building materials, woodworking, pulp and paper, light and food industries.

Each of the branches structurally consists of enterprises, corporations, organizations.

Non-manufacturing sphere consists of the following branches:

Industries of services, these include: housing and communal services, consumer services, transport and communications related to servicing the population;

Branches of social service - education, health care, culture, art, science and scientific service;

Industries including lending, finance and insurance;

Branches of management and defense.

Directions for improving the sectoral structure:

Ensuring the socio-economic efficiency of production, the conformity of the structure of the manufactured product with the effective market demand;

Security economic security region and country as a whole;

Changing the ratio between extractive and processing industries by reducing the share of fuel and energy complex industries;

Development of service industries;

Increasing the share of entrepreneurial activities associated with the pre-production stage of the process of social reproduction;

Development and strengthening of intra- and intersectoral relations based on the development of corporatization of the economy.

Industry includes more than 130 sub-sectors. In the existing classification of industry, 11 complex industries are distinguished.

Industry subdivided into mining and processing. Manufacturing industries form the backbone of heavy industry.

According to the economic purpose of products the whole industry is divided into two large groups:

production of means of production (group A). Group A can be divided into subgroups: A (1) - production of labor instruments and A (2) - production of labor objects, the ratio between which is approximately 1: 4

production of consumer goods (group B). Group B is divided into the production of goods for personal consumption B(1) and B(2) - the production of goods for collective consumption. Proportions and production relations between sectors form the sectoral structure of industry, which testifies to the degree of development of the social division of labor and, at the same time, to its cooperation.

Specialized industries on the basis of homogeneity, that is, similar to each other in terms of the purpose of their products (for example, the fuel industry), the commonality of the raw materials used (for example, the engineering industry) or the nature of the technology (for example, the chemical industry), are grouped into so-called complex industries (heavy industry: fuel, electric power, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking, building materials, etc.; light industry: textile, clothing, leather, fur and footwear; processing industries of the agro-industrial complex: food processing, meat and dairy, fish).

Fuel and energy complex includes fuel industries (coal, oil, gas, shale, peat, oil refining and gas processing) and electric power industry. The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with all sectors of the national economy as consumers of fuel and energy, and technologically - with power engineering, electrical engineering, and the chemical industry.

Metallurgical complex, including ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy - this is a set of interconnected industries and stages of the production process from the extraction of raw materials to the release finished products(ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys). The integrity of this intersectoral complex is due to the similarity of the industries that form it in terms of the nature of mining and processing technology of ore raw materials, as well as the use of finished products as structural materials.

Machine building complex includes two groups of industries:

mechanical engineering;

Metalworking.

The main groups of the machine-building complex(according to the features of the products):

Heavy engineering, producing metal-intensive products of relatively low labor intensity. This includes the production of metallurgical, mining, oil and gas and power equipment;

General mechanical engineering produces equipment and machines of medium metal consumption and labor intensity, technically relatively simple and, as a rule, of considerable dimensions. It includes transport engineering (excluding automotive and aircraft building), agricultural engineering (excluding tractor building), production of chemical, oil refining, forestry, pulp and paper and construction equipment;

Medium mechanical engineering includes production facilities that produce products of medium metal consumption and increased labor intensity. These include automotive, aircraft, tractor, machine tool, equipment for the food and light industries;

Precision engineering of low metal consumption, but high labor intensity and science intensity. It includes such industries as electronics, electrical engineering, instrument making, etc.;

Manufacture of metal products, including the production of tools, some simple household goods and agricultural implements;

Repair of machines and equipment.

Chemical industry includes five industry groups:

- mining industry, including the extraction of primary chemical raw materials: apatite, phosphorites, sulfur, potassium salts, boron, chalk, limestone, etc. Some types of primary chemical raw materials can be developed outside the scope of this industry (for example, table salt is mined by the food industry);

- basic chemistry, specializing in the production of mineral fertilizers (phosphorus, nitrogen, potash), sulfuric acid, gases, alkalis, elemental phosphorus, soda ash and a number of products that are raw materials for other sectors of the economy;

- production of polymeric substances: hydrocarbons and their derivatives, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, etc. We are talking about the main organic synthesis, the products of which are used in the production of synthetic rubbers and fibers, plastics, dyes. The raw material base of this group of industries is oil, gas, coal and wood-chemical raw materials;

- processing of polymeric materials, uniting industries for the production of chemical fibers, plastics, synthetic rubber and resins, aniline dyes and pigments, varnishes, paints, etc.

Forest complex includes the production of harvesting, mechanical and chemical processing of wood. The common thing in the forest industry is raw materials, but the technological processes differ significantly. In accordance with the latter, the industry is divided into logging, woodworking, furniture, pulp and paper and hydrolysis industries.

Light industry includes a set of industries that produce consumer goods from various types of raw materials. The main branches of light industry are textile, clothing, leather, fur and footwear. The products of these industries, in addition to being consumed by the population, are also used in furniture, aviation, automotive, food and other industries, agriculture, transport and healthcare.

Agro-industrial complex includes industries with close economic and production relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. The main groups of branches of the agro-industrial complex are:

Industries that produce means of production for agriculture: tractor and agricultural machine building, machine building for animal husbandry and fodder production, the production of land reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, rural production construction, feed and microbiological industries, industries serving agriculture, etc .;

Agriculture (agriculture and animal husbandry) and forestry;

Industries processing agricultural raw materials: food, light industries associated with the primary processing of flax, wool, etc.;

Industries that provide procurement, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products.

Building complex The country is a developed system of construction industries, differentiated by industry and individual enterprises. The main branches of the complex: the cement industry, the industry of asbestos-cement products, the industry of soft roofing and waterproofing materials, the industry of prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete structures and products, the industry of wall materials, the production of building bricks and ceramic tiles, the industry of building ceramics, the industry of non-metallic building materials (crushed stone, gravel, building sand), industry thermal insulation materials, asbestos industry. Building complex is based on the integration of construction and industry. Includes three groups of industries:

Construction industry;

Building materials industry;

Construction and road engineering, production of machinery and equipment for the building materials industry.

Transport complex provides links between individual industries and regions of the country, timely and complete satisfaction of the needs of the national economy and the population in transportation. When locating production, the need for transportation, the mass of raw materials of finished products, their transportability, availability of transport routes, their throughput etc. There are the following main types of transport: - railway, - road, - aviation, - pipeline, - sea, - inland water. Interacting with each other, they form the transport system of Russia.

Transport system- this is a set of all modes of transport, interconnected by transport hubs, that is, points at which several modes of transport converge and goods are exchanged between them.

13 THE ESSENCE OF SPECIALIZATION AND
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT

Back to

When analyzing the national economy, such concepts as spheres, industries, complexes, sectors of the economy are singled out.

According to participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, social production is divided into two large areas: material production and the non-material sphere.

The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sector and the population), health care, physical culture and social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, and the activities of the administrative apparatus. .

In turn, each of the sectors of the economy is divided into industries.

An industry is a set of enterprises and organizations characterized by a commonality of products, production technology, fixed assets, professional training of workers and satisfaction of needs.

Industry according to Russian statistics is divided into heavy, light and food industries. Heavy industry includes: electric power industry, fuel industry, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, as well as building materials industry.

Light industry includes textile, clothing, leather, footwear, and fur industries. To the food - food, meat, dairy, fish industries.

Simultaneously with specialization and differentiation, there are processes of cooperation, integration of production, leading to the development of stable production relations between industries, to the creation of mixed industries and intersectoral complexes.

The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different sectors of the national economy, are distinguished by a more complex structure.

On the basis of the division of labor, one can single out intersectoral and single-industry, territorial-production, intersectoral scientific and technical complexes.

The constituent elements of the economic complex can be grouped into sectors of the economy.

A sector is understood as a set of institutional units that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior. Thus, the sector of non-financial enterprises unites enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit, and non-profit organizations that do not pursue the goal of making a profit.

The financial enterprise sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.

The government sector is the totality of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.

The household sector mainly includes consuming units.

There is also a distinction between the public sector as a set of enterprises, organizations, institutions owned by the state and managed by state bodies or persons appointed by them, and the private sector as part of the economy not under state control.

Service-providing industries include education, transport, trade, healthcare, general government, defense, etc.

What is economics

Solve the crossword and you will know what the economy is

Use your textbook to complete the definition.

Economy- This economic activity of people. All components of the economy are interconnected.

Do you know the branches of the economy? Sign the drawings on your own or with the help of a textbook.

In addition to those listed in the textbook, there are other branches of the economy. For example, forestry, communications, public catering, housing and communal services, the banking sector, consumer services. Think about and explain what each of these industries does.
Forestry- a branch of the economy, whose functions include: the study and accounting of forests, their reproduction, protection from fires, pests and diseases, regulation of forest use, control over the use of forest resources.
Connection- Anyone who wants to use the services of telephony, television and radio broadcasting, and the Internet faces the communications industry. The postal service is engaged in the receipt, forwarding and delivery of postal items, namely: parcels, letters, parcels, transfers.
Catering- This is a branch of the national economy engaged in the production and sale of ready-made food and semi-finished products.
Department of Housing and Utilities(Housing and communal services) - includes about 30 types of activities. The sub-sectors are housing maintenance; improvement (road and bridge facilities, gardening, sanitation and waste disposal)
Banking sector- providing customers with a wide range of banking services.
Consumer services for the population- part of the service sector, where non-productive and industrial services are provided to the population. (Hairdressing services, Dry cleaning of clothes, laundry services, Photo services. Bath services. Professional cleaning services, Repair and maintenance household radio-electronic equipment, household machines and devices. Tailoring and repair of garments. Manufacture and repair of furniture, etc.)

At home, find out from adults in which sectors of the economy they work. Write it down.

Mom and dad work in the field of consumer services. Mom works in a tailoring shop, and dad is engaged in the repair of household appliances and equipment. Grandmother works in the education industry - she is a teacher, and grandfather is in the transport industry - he is a driver.

Using the book "Encyclopedia of travel. Countries of the world" fill in the table (according to the model given in the first line).